“…The annual world production of corn is about 520 Tg with most of the corn being used for animal feed or human consumption (64 and 19% of global production, respectively) . Sweet corn cobs (SCC) are an agricultural by‐product of the corn‐processing industry.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Response surface methodology is less laborious and time consuming than conventional optimization methods as it reduces the number of experimental trials needed to evaluate the effect of multiple parameters and their interaction . Previously, RSM was used to optimize the extraction of FA from various agricultural waste, including paddy straw, rice bran, maize bran, wheat straw, wheat bran, sugar cane bagasse, orange peels, pomegranate peels, and pineapple peels …”
BACKGROUND: Sweet corn cob (SCC), an agricultural by-product of the corn-processing industry, contains more than 80% insoluble bound ferulic acid (FA). Extraction of these bound phenolics can be achieved through chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis; however, the shift towards greener chemistry has raised awareness about the use of enzymatic hydrolysis. In the present study, the ability of ferulic acid esterase (FAE) and xylanase (XY) to catalyze the hydrolysis of FA from SCC was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a five-level, four-factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD), was used to establish the optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of FA from SCC. Sweet corn cob was treated with a combination of FAE and XY at various concentrations (FAE: 0.00 to 0.04 U/g; XY: 0.00 to 18 093.5 U/g), temperatures (45 to 65 ∘ C), and pH levels (pH 4.5 to 6.5).
RESULTS: The optimum extraction conditions predicted by the model were: FAE concentration of 0.02 U/g, XY concentration of 3475.3 U/g, extraction pH of 4.5, and an extraction temperature of 45 ∘ C.CONCLUSION: Under these conditions, the experimental yield of FA was 1.69 ± 0.02 g kg −1 of SCC, which is in agreement with the value predicted by the model.
“…The annual world production of corn is about 520 Tg with most of the corn being used for animal feed or human consumption (64 and 19% of global production, respectively) . Sweet corn cobs (SCC) are an agricultural by‐product of the corn‐processing industry.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Response surface methodology is less laborious and time consuming than conventional optimization methods as it reduces the number of experimental trials needed to evaluate the effect of multiple parameters and their interaction . Previously, RSM was used to optimize the extraction of FA from various agricultural waste, including paddy straw, rice bran, maize bran, wheat straw, wheat bran, sugar cane bagasse, orange peels, pomegranate peels, and pineapple peels …”
BACKGROUND: Sweet corn cob (SCC), an agricultural by-product of the corn-processing industry, contains more than 80% insoluble bound ferulic acid (FA). Extraction of these bound phenolics can be achieved through chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis; however, the shift towards greener chemistry has raised awareness about the use of enzymatic hydrolysis. In the present study, the ability of ferulic acid esterase (FAE) and xylanase (XY) to catalyze the hydrolysis of FA from SCC was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a five-level, four-factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD), was used to establish the optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of FA from SCC. Sweet corn cob was treated with a combination of FAE and XY at various concentrations (FAE: 0.00 to 0.04 U/g; XY: 0.00 to 18 093.5 U/g), temperatures (45 to 65 ∘ C), and pH levels (pH 4.5 to 6.5).
RESULTS: The optimum extraction conditions predicted by the model were: FAE concentration of 0.02 U/g, XY concentration of 3475.3 U/g, extraction pH of 4.5, and an extraction temperature of 45 ∘ C.CONCLUSION: Under these conditions, the experimental yield of FA was 1.69 ± 0.02 g kg −1 of SCC, which is in agreement with the value predicted by the model.
“…Another study by Zheng et al showed a released of 34 g/L FA also by alkaline hydrolysis. Similarly, Salleh et al did an alkaline extraction to produce FA from paddy straw, and they obtained about 8.17 mg/g FA. Although these studies achieved higher FA yield, alkali treatments generate high base concentration and could led to undesirable changes in the treated lignocellulosic material .…”
“…Such relatively higher content of alkali-labile crosslinkages within the lignin network or between lignin and polysaccharides might explain the fast and easy solubilisation of both phenolic acids by alkaline treatments [20]. Consequently, it will be necessary to cleave the esterhemicellulose bridge with enzymes or alkalis in order to release ferulic acid [14].…”
Section: Effect Of Solvents On Extractionmentioning
Extraction of ferulic acid from sugar beet pulp was carried out using three extraction solvents, sodium hydroxide (0.5, 1, 2 M), methanol and their mixture (alkaline methanolic solvent). The Ferulic acid extracted by each solvent was identified and quantified by HPLC method and the effects of solvent type, concentration and reaction time on ferulic acid solubilisation were assessed. There were differences in the contents of products extracted in the experiment conditions. The minimum amount of ferulic acid was obtained from methanolic extract while the highest concentrations (957.4 mg/L ferulic acid) were obtained employing the highest NaOH concentration (2 M), and reaction time (12 h), so phenolic compounds are better released with alkaline hydrolysis than in methanol conditions. Finally a simple procedure for the purification of ferulic acid from the alkaline extracts is presented and evaluated by FT-IR spectrum.
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