Optimization of Aceclofenac Proniosomes by Using Different Carriers, Part 1: Development and Characterization

Abstract

In the contemporary medical model world, the proniosomal system has been serving as a new drug delivery system that is considered to significantly enhance the bioavailability of drugs with low water solubility. The application of this system can improve the bioavailability of aceclofenac that is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. The present study is intended to develop an optimized proniosomal aceclofenac formula by the use of different carriers. Aceclofenac proniosomes have been prepared by slurry method, and different carriers such as maltodextrin, mannitol, and glucose were tried. Prepared proniosomes characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed the compatibility of the drug chosen with the ingredient added, powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD) confirmed the amorphous phase of the prepared proniosomes, and finally, the surfactant layer was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Aceclofenac physical state transformations were confirmed with all formulas but maltodextrin proniosomes exhibited solubility more than other formulations. HPLC method has been used to analyze the niosomes derived from proniosomes in terms of their entrapment capability and drug content. The obtained results revealed that aceclofenac proniosomes can be successfully prepared by using different carriers.

Development of Provesicular Nanodelivery System of Curcumin as a Safe and Effective Antiviral Agent: Statistical Optimization, In Vitro Characterization, and Antiviral Effectiveness

“…Therefore, 5 min hydration time is selected for further studies because short hydration time would improve patient acceptability and product applicability. Other researchers such as Sammour et al [34] reported that the hydration time has a significant (p < 0.05) negative effect on %EE. However, Ruckmani and Sankar found that more drug would be entrapped within the vesicles at longer hydration time [51].…”

“…The results investigated that the volume of the hydration had a significant negative impact (p < 0.05) on EE%. These findings could be attributable to increased leakage of the drug from niosomal vesicles at larger hydration volume [34]. However, the time of hydration had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on %EE.…”

“…where Ci = Initial amount of Curcumin, Cs = Amount of Curcumin in the supernatant. The total drug content of Curcumin (unentrapped + entrapped) was determined by disrupting 1 mL of the proniosome-derived niosomal dispersion with 100 mL isopropyl alcohol [34]. The samples were filtered using a 0.20 µm nylon membrane filter (Nylon Acrodisc, Gelman Sciences Inc., USA) and analyzed for drug content using HPLC at 427 nm.…”

“…The preliminary screening test is an important tool that is used for the determination of the most suitable parameters for the pharmaceutical formulation. The reconstitution of proniosomes into niosomes is a vital factor that could affect the encapsulation efficiency of the proniosomal vesicles [34]. Therefore, both the time and the volume of hydration were studied to select the proper conditions for the reconstitution of proniosomes ( Table 1).…”

PEGylated Lipid Polymeric Nanoparticle–Encapsulated Acyclovir for In Vitro Controlled Release and Ex Vivo Gut Sac Permeation

“…This suggested possibility of ACV turned into the disordered crystalline state due to the molecular interaction with lecithin and chitosan. By comparing ACV and PALN1 diffractogram, a broad peak emerged with sharp peak diminishment indicating ACV entrapped in LPNPs system in the amorphous state of the nanoparticles ( 41 ).…”