Optimization of a Green Dyeing Process Using Natural Dyes Extracted from Corchorus Olitorius Leaves

Green Application of Isolated Colorant from Neem Bark for Mordant-Coated Wool: Optimization of Dyeing and Mordanting for Shade Development

“…Above that (pH > 3), the nature of the colorant is also disturbed, as is the acidic group of wool amido linkage, which also loses its affinity to bind firmly [55]. Adding salt is also beneficial for wool dyeing because the salt adds value by exhausting the colorant from the medium toward the fabric [19]. A low amount cannot perform the activity, whereas a high amount creates exhaustion, resulting in aggregation or poor fixation upon the finishing process.…”

“…Despite the use of toxic salt as a fixer, the concept of using a plant extract is now gaining fame [31]. The reasons behind using pollution-free fixers are as follows: one is that a plant extract has excellent biological characteristics, and the other is that new shooting shades with excellent fastness are obtained [19]. Most plants have phenolics that utilize the -OH group to bind with the -OH of the colorant and -CONH of wool; their extra H-bonding develops a colorfast gamut [8].…”

“…These tools either cause degradation of the colorant's ability to interact firmly with fabric or are expensive in terms of the solvent, energy, and money required to give acceptable results [17]. However, the role of novel tools such as gamma radiation, ultrasonic radiation, and microwave irradiation is receiving more attention because of their high treatment speed and energy-and costeffective nature in the field of isolation of natural products and their application in various fields such as textiles, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, leather, food, and flavors [19][20][21].…”

Sustainable Dyeing of Wool and Silk with Conocarpus erectus L. Leaf Extract for the Development of Functional Textiles

“…Pre-mordanting of fabrics was chosen to allow sufficient time for the coordination of complex formation between mordant metal ions and fiber functional groups before dyeing. Pre-mordanting also enhances dye-metal-fiber interactions for improved fastness properties [22,23]. Premordanting is considered the best among all mordanting techniques, which is why we applied it in this research work.…”

“…The cavitation effects of ultrasound waves enhanced dye diffusion by breaking down aggregated dye particles [21]. Sonication also avoided the need for constant mechanical stirring [22]. Sonication dyeing produced more uniform coloration and faster dye penetration into the fabrics compared to conventional dyebath methods.…”