Optimization Method for The Synthesis of Fatty Amide Surfactants from Oleic Acid Catalyzed by Immobilized Lipase

Abstract

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is successfully used to obtain the optimum conversion of oleic acid on the synthesis of fatty amide surfactants from oleic acid and diethanolamine by immobilized lipase. The central composite design is adopted to determine the optimum level of three study variables, i.e. enzyme amount, substrate molar ratio, and temperature. The model resulted in this study is suitable to represent the interaction among three variables and also their interaction to the conversion of oleic acid. The influence of substrate molar ratio is more significant among others. The prediction of the statistical model shows that the maximum conversion of oleic acid would be 78.01% at the optimal condition of 5-9% (wt/wt OA) enzyme amount, 1/1 to 3/1 molar ratio of diethanolamine to oleic acid and 60-65 o C temperature. The coefficient of determination (R 2 = 0.9897) shows a high correlation between predicted and experimental values.

Parametric Study in Production of Virgin Coconut Oil by Fermentation Method

“…The high value of R 2 = 0.9757 means that the quadratic regression model can be employed to explain the fermentation process. The smaller the p values the significant is the corresponding variables 18,20 . The analysis also shows that the most important factors are the linear term of the stirring speed (X 1 ) and fermentation time (X 3 ) and the quadratic term of stirring speed (X 1 X 1 ) and fermentation time (X 3 X 3 ).…”

“…The interaction between stirring speed and fermentation time (X 1 X 3 ) and the quadratic term of inoculum concentration (X 2 X 2 ) do not produce a significant effect on the VCO production within the designed intervals. 20 . The regression analysis, statistical significance and response surfaces were done using Minitab 17 ® trial version software package.…”

“…The methods of observations were carried out simultaneously to obtain the effect of the interaction of parametric factors and the optimum conditions that could be achieved 17,18 . Optimization is one of the most important engineering tools for creating a process that is economical, safe, and environmentally benign throughout the whole lifetime of the plant 19,20 .…”

Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Coco Ethanolamide Production from Coconut Oil

“…The best reaction conditions in this reaction are if the temperature is in the range of 85-95 0 C and the catalyst concentration is 5-7% (w/wFAME). This is because the boiling point of the tert-amyl alcohol solvent used is 103 0 C, so if the reaction temperature used is more than 100 0 C there is a possibility that the solvent will evaporate which results in reduced contact between reactants which will affect the ongoing amidation reaction 3 .…”

“…For this reason, a more efficient method and the use of renewable raw materials is a research advantage in the field of surfactants 1 . So the requirements for modern surfactants are quite heavy, such as having high efficiency, non-toxic (at least only slightly toxic), as well as renewable and biodegradable 2,3 .…”