Optimization-based planning of a biomass to hydrogen (B2H2) system using dedicated energy crops and waste biomass

Template-free synthesis of mesoporous manganese oxides with catalytic activity in the oxygen evolution reaction

“…The Raman spectrum for Mn-575 also conrms a change in the oxide structure, with peaks in agreement with those observed for Mn 2 O 3 by Julien et al 62 The presence of broad peaks and mixed phases in XRD patterns indicates that materials obtained from the thermal decomposition of MnCO 3 in air possess low crystallinity and are structurally disordered. XAS was therefore used to characterise MnCO 3 and MnO x powders. Normalised absorption spectra at the Mn K-edge for MnCO 3 , Mn-380, Mn-450 and Mn-575 samples are shown in Fig.…”

“…1,2 Alkaline water electrolysis, when coupled with renewable sources, can provide a clean and environmentally friendly path for the production of H 2 , an alternative fuel. 3,4 Fuel cells that use H 2 and O 2 can produce electric power on demand to supply the national grid or to power car transport, with the major advantage to this energy route that emissions are limited to water. 5,6 Unfortunately, most of the H 2 currently used in fuel cells is generated by steam reforming of fossil fuels, while the percentage that comes directly from water electrolysis only accounts for 4%.…”

Hydrogen supply chain network design: An optimization-oriented review

“…Nevertheless, considerably few studies consider these two factors. One of these studies is the work of Cho et al [29], in which a biomass warehouse, including handling and drying processes, is used to store biomass and maintain its properties (e.g., humidity and size). It should also be noted that water, as the main feedstock of the electrolysis process, has not been explicitly represented in several models, which integrate the feedstock echelon.…”

“…Another way to cope with randomness is by stochastic programming [127,128]. Half of the studies reported by the reference papers that -FCEV market share [11], [15], [17], [29], [33] [39], [43], [48], [49], [50] [59], [60], [ consider the uncertainty problem adopted the two-stage stochastic programming. In this two-stage model, the decisions associated with the first-stage are made before the realization of uncertainty.…”

“…Table 12: Uncertainty types and corresponding modeling approaches Type of uncertainty Uncertainty modeling approach Reference papers Randomness Scenario analysis [11], [17], [29], [39] [48], [50], [59], [60] Stochastic programming [15], [33], [43] [49], [62], [68]…”