Optimization and validation of low‐field MP2RAGE T₁ mapping on 0.35T MR‐Linac: Toward adaptive dose painting with hypoxia biomarkers

Abstract

BackgroundStereotactic MR‐guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy (SMART) dose painting for hypoxia has potential to improve treatment outcomes, but clinical implementation on low‐field MR‐Linac faces substantial challenges due to dramatically lower signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) characteristics. While quantitative MRI and T1 mapping of hypoxia biomarkers show promise, T1‐to‐noise ratio (T1NR) optimization at low fields is paramount, particularly for the clinical implementation of oxygen‐enhanced (OE)‐MRI. The 3D Magnetization Prepared (2) Rapid Gradient Echo (MP2RAGE) sequence stands out for its ability to acquire homogeneous T1‐weighted contrast images with simultaneous T1 mapping.PurposeTo optimize MP2RAGE for low‐field T1 mapping; conduct experimental validation in a ground‐truth phantom; establish feasibility and reproducibility of low‐field MP2RAGE acquisition and T1 mapping in healthy volunteers.MethodsThe MP2RAGE optimization was performed to maximize the contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) of T1 values in white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) brain tissues at 0.35T. Low‐field MP2RAGE images were acquired on a 0.35T MR‐Linac (ViewRay MRIdian) using a multi‐channel head coil. Validation of T1 mapping was performed with a ground‐truth Eurospin phantom, containing inserts of known T1 values (400–850 ms), with one and two average (1A and 2A) MP2RAGE scans across four acquisition sessions, resulting in eight T1 maps. Mean (± SD) T1 relative error, T1NR, and intersession coefficient of variation (CV) were determined. Whole‐brain MP2RAGE scans were acquired in 5 healthy volunteers across two sessions (A and B) and T1 maps were generated. Mean (± SD) T1 values for WM and GM were determined. Whole‐brain T1 histogram analysis was performed, and reproducibility was determined with the CV between sessions. Voxel‐by‐voxel T1 difference maps were generated to evaluate 3D spatial variation.ResultsLow‐field MP2RAGE optimization resulted in parameters: MP2RAGETR of 3250 ms, inversion times (TI1/TI2) of 500/1200 ms, and flip angles (α1/α2) of 7/5°. Eurospin T1 maps exhibited a mean (± SD) relative error of 3.45% ± 1.30%, T1NR of 20.13 ± 5.31, and CV of 2.22% ± 0.67% across all inserts. Whole‐brain MP2RAGE images showed high anatomical quality with clear tissue differentiation, resulting in mean (± SD) T1 values: 435.36 ± 10.01 ms for WM and 623.29 ± 14.64 ms for GM across subjects, showing excellent concordance with literature. Whole‐brain T1 histograms showed high intrapatient and intersession reproducibility with characteristic intensity peaks consistent with voxel‐level WM and GM T1 values. Reproducibility analysis revealed a CV of 0.46% ± 0.31% and 0.35% ± 0.18% for WM and GM, respectively. Voxel‐by‐voxel T1 difference maps show a normal 3D spatial distribution of noise in WM and GM.ConclusionsLow‐field MP2RAGE proved effective in generating accurate, reliable, and reproducible T1 maps with high T1NR in phantom studies and in vivo feasibility established in healthy volunteers. While current work is focused on refining the MP2RAGE protocol to enable clinically efficient OE‐MRI, this study establishes a foundation for TOLD T1 mapping for hypoxia biomarkers. This advancement holds the potential to facilitate a paradigm shift toward MR‐guided biological adaptation and dose painting by leveraging 3D hypoxic spatial distributions and improving outcomes in conventionally challenging‐to‐treat cancers.