Optimization and Design of Next-Generation Geothermal Systems Created by Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing

Abstract

Multistage hydraulic stimulation has the potential to greatly expand the production of geothermal in the United States and worldwide. Zonal isolation and limited-entry completion overcome the problem of flow localization and generate hundreds or thousands of conductive fractures throughout a large volume of rock. In contrast, conventional geothermal stimulation designs are bullheaded as a single stage into a vertical or deviated wellbore, resulting in a small number of dominant flow-pathways. In this study, we perform a modeling study to investigate key physical processes and design considerations for a geothermal system created from multistage hydraulic stimulation. We use a simulator that fully integrates a wellbore simulator, a hydraulic fracturing simulator, and a thermal/compositional reservoir simulator. Thermoelastic and poroelastic stress changes are included, which enables the model the simulate mechanical opening (separation of fracture walls) due to cooling during long-term fluid circulation between wells. The simulator can handle the full life-cycle in a single continuous simulation – multistage fracturing (including crack propagation, proppant, limited-entry, etc.) and long-term circulation. We start by reviewing historic background on the application of hydraulic stimulation to improve geothermal energy production. Next, we discuss key uncertainties regarding stimulation mechanism and fracture geometry. Drawing on this background information, we set up simulations of multistage hydraulic fracturing and long-term fluid circulation through an injector/producer pair. The simulations demonstrate how multistage fracturing enables large flow rates and relatively efficient sweep of heat through large volumes of rock. However, the simulations demonstrate how mechanical opening of fractures due to thermal contraction exacerbates thermal short-circuiting. Produced temperature drops rapidly once mechanical opening reaches the production well. Parameters such as well spacing, fracture spacing, and flow rate can be designed to mitigate thermal breakthrough and maximize discounted return on investment. We integrate the simulator with an optimization algorithm to solve a hypothetical engineering design problem to maximize net present value by optimizing well spacing, fracture spacing, and flow rate. The optimization shows how a balance can be struck between rate acceleration and mitigation of thermal breakthrough.

Optimizing cluster spacing in multistage hydraulically fractured shale gas wells: balancing fracture interference and stress shadow impact

“…The base case consists of a horizontal well drilled in a pay zone bounded by overburden and underburden layers. Table 1 summarized the different layers properties (McClure et al 2018(McClure et al , 2022McClure and Kang 2017). The reservoir permeability is assumed to be 0.00005 md (50nD) with single phase gas flow with gas specific gravity of 0.75 and initial reservoir pressure of 6000 psi.…”

Optimization Simulation of Hydraulic Fracture Parameters for Highly Deviated Wells in Tight Oil Reservoirs, Based on the Reservoir–Fracture Productivity Coupling Model

“…Their optimization procedure can provide optimal simultaneous multi-stage hydraulic fracture treatment with no bias or collapse, no fracture trapping, the highest possible propagation potential in hydrocarbon-producing shale layers, and predictive proppant type/size decisions and fracture conductivity for proppant fractures. McClure et al [28] presented a modeling study to investigate key physical processes and design considerations for a geothermal system created from multistage hydraulic stimulation, and the simulations demonstrate the impressive potential for geothermal energy production from multistage hydraulic stimulation.…”