Optimization and characterization of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using modified CaO catalyst derived from snail shell

Preparation and Characterization of Shell-Based CaO Catalysts for Ultrasonication-Assisted Production of Biodiesel to Reduce Toxicants in Diesel Generator Emissions

“…For comparison in the case of lobster, there is a statistically significant increase in its yield of 9.9% when a mixed oxide catalyst containing ZnO was used. In a study conducted using CaO prepared from snail shells, the waste palm cooking oil showed a biodiesel yield of 80% for CaO and 90% for CaO modified with ZnO [20]. A remarkable aspect of the present study is the reaction time of 10 min for ultrasonication-assisted reaction compared to 45-360 min for the cited studies describing biodiesel synthesis using a hotplate.…”

“…The two main objectives of this study are to evaluate the suitability of four commonly available shell materials for preparing the CaO catalysts used in biodiesel production and assess the degree of reduction of toxicant emissions for biodiesel-blended fuels for powering diesel generators. Most current research publications are aimed at the study of single shell materials including those of chicken egg [11,12,17], abalone [18], snail [19,20], crab [21], scallop [22], lobster [23], oyster [24,25], and mussel [26]. Due to the varying experimental conditions that influence the biodiesel yields, it is difficult to compare the suitability of shell-derived CaO catalysts unless they are evaluated under the same conditions of catalyst loading, methanol-to-oil ratio, reaction time, temperature, stirring rate, and reaction mode (e.g., conventional heating, microwave, or ultrasonication power).…”

“…A remarkable aspect of the present study is the reaction time of 10 min for ultrasonication-assisted reaction compared to 45-360 min for the cited studies describing biodiesel synthesis using a hotplate. [20] 180 80…”