Optimising Crystallisation during Rapid Prototyping of Fe3O4-PA6 Polymer Nanocomposite Component

Abstract

Polymer components capable of self-healing can rapidly be manufactured by injecting the monomer (ε-caprolactam), activator and catalyst mixed with a small amount of magnetic nanoparticles into a steel mould. The anionic polymerisation of the monomer produces a polymer component capturing magnetic nanoparticles in a dispersed state. Any microcracks developed in this nanocomposite component can be healed by exposing it to an external alternating magnetic field. Due to the magnetocaloric effect, the nanoparticles locally melt the polymer in response to the magnetic field and fill the cracks, but the nanoparticles require establishing a network within the matrix of the polymer through effective dispersion for functional and uniform melting. The dispersed nanoparticles, however, affect the degree of crystallinity of the polymer depending on the radius of gyration of the polymer chain and the diameter of the magnetic nanoparticle agglomerates. The variation in the degree of crystallinity and crystallite size induced by nanoparticles can affect the melting temperature as well as its mechanical strength after testing for applications, such as stimuli-based self-healing. In the case of in situ synthesis of the polyamide-6 (PA6) magnetic nanocomposite (PMC), there is an opportunity to alter the degree of crystallinity and crystallite size by optimising the catalyst and activator concentration in the monomer. This optimisation method offers an opportunity to tune the crystallinity and, thus, the properties of PMC, which otherwise can be affected by the addition of nanoparticles. To study the effect of the concentration of the catalyst and activator on thermal properties, the degree of crystallinity and the crystallite size of the component (PMC), the ratio of activator and catalyst is varied during the anionic polymerisation of ε-caprolactam, but the concentration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles is kept constant at 1 wt%. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), XRD (X-ray diffraction) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to find the required concentration of the activator and catalyst for optimum properties. It was observed that the sample with 30% N-acetyl caprolactam (NACL) (with 50% EtMgBr) among all of the samples was most suitable to Rapid Prototype the PMC dog-bone sample with the desired degree of crystallinity and required formability.

Experimental Investigation of Magnetorheological Behavior of Fe3O4@PVP@OA Ferrofluid for Potential Application in Gas Condensate Blockage Reduction

“…In Figure (c), the weight loss over the temperatures of 120 and 350 °C is attributed to hydrogen bonds among magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles and PVP, considering the fact that PVP leads to hydrophilic properties of the nanoparticles surface. The noticeable weight loss of the sample occurs between 350 and 600 °C at a rate of 18%, which refers to the degradation of the amorphous phase caused by the presence of PVP as a polymer coating on the surfaces of magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles . The thermal stability measurement of Fe 3 O 4 @PVP@OA nanoparticles is also shown in Figure (d).…”

“…The noticeable weight loss of the sample occurs between 350 and 600 °C at a rate of 18%, which refers to the degradation of the amorphous phase caused by the presence of PVP as a polymer coating on the surfaces of magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. 66 The thermal stability measurement of Fe 3 O 4 @PVP@OA nanoparticles is also shown in Figure 13(d). In this case, the initial weight loss shown at 1.1% is contributed to humidity on the surfaces of magnetic nanoparticles.…”