Optimised reflection imaging for surface roughness analysis using confocal laser scanning microscopy and height encoded image processing

Tomovich, Steven; Peng, Zhongxiao

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/13/1/098

“…This technique has been used widely in different fields due to the capability of CLSM to scan samples at different depths, reduce noise, and provide high resolution images. [32,33] Briefly, surface data were collected from CLSM with resolution of 512 Â 512 pixels, a pixel size of 1.51 mm, and …”

Section: Characterization Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Manufacturing Route for Fabrication of Topologically‐Ordered Porous Magnesium Scaffolds

Nguyen

¹

,

Staiger

²

,

Dias

³

et al. 2011

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The use of porous metal foams as biomaterial scaffolds has been widely adopted; however, many of these porous structures are manufactured with pore architectures that are inherently random. This makes structural optimization for a specific purpose challenging. Scaffolds containing ordered pore architectures can be fabricated to meet design criteria, such as porosity, stiffness, and volume fraction. Mg and its alloys offer potential as a new class of degradable metallic orthopedic biomaterials. In comparison with current metallic orthopedic implant materials, Mg offers advantages such as, closer‐to‐bone stiffness and biodegradability, thereby eliminating the need for a second surgery to remove hardware. Currently there are few methods described in literature to manufacture ordered porous Mg. The aim of this study was to determine the resolution of a novel indirect solid free‐form fabrication (SFF) process for producing topologically ordered Mg (TOPM) structures. The multi‐step method involved the printing of an SFF mould, NaCl infiltration, and liquid Mg casting techniques. Using a range of characterization methods, we demonstrated that the selected structures were manufactured with a high level of accuracy. Differences in dimensions from CAD models to Mg scaffolds ranged from 2.5% to a maximum of 8.33%. Similarly, there was a maximum of 6.1% reduction in porosity in Mg scaffolds compared with initial design. Meanwhile, with surface roughness of 10.17 ± 1.75 µm, there was an average of 70% increase in surface area. This study demonstrates a simple, reliable, and safe route to manufacture TOPM scaffolds for potential application in medical device design.

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“…Surface roughness was measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) (Leica TCS SP5) to scan each structure's surface. This technique has been used widely in different fields due to the capability of CLSM to scan samples at different depths, reduce noise, and provide high resolution images 32, 33. Briefly, surface data were collected from CLSM with resolution of 512 × 512 pixels, a pixel size of 1.51 µm, and distance between images of 0.99 µm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

OC015: The conservative management of first trimester miscarriages and the use of sonography for patients' selection

Schwärzler

¹

2003

Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol

3

0

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The use of porous metal foams as biomaterial scaffolds has been widely adopted; however, many of these porous structures are manufactured with pore architectures that are inherently random. This makes structural optimization for a specific purpose challenging. Scaffolds containing ordered pore architectures can be fabricated to meet design criteria, such as porosity, stiffness, and volume fraction. Mg and its alloys offer potential as a new class of degradable metallic orthopedic biomaterials. In comparison with current metallic orthopedic implant materials, Mg offers advantages such as, closer‐to‐bone stiffness and biodegradability, thereby eliminating the need for a second surgery to remove hardware. Currently there are few methods described in literature to manufacture ordered porous Mg. The aim of this study was to determine the resolution of a novel indirect solid free‐form fabrication (SFF) process for producing topologically ordered Mg (TOPM) structures. The multi‐step method involved the printing of an SFF mould, NaCl infiltration, and liquid Mg casting techniques. Using a range of characterization methods, we demonstrated that the selected structures were manufactured with a high level of accuracy. Differences in dimensions from CAD models to Mg scaffolds ranged from 2.5% to a maximum of 8.33%. Similarly, there was a maximum of 6.1% reduction in porosity in Mg scaffolds compared with initial design. Meanwhile, with surface roughness of 10.17 ± 1.75 µm, there was an average of 70% increase in surface area. This study demonstrates a simple, reliable, and safe route to manufacture TOPM scaffolds for potential application in medical device design.

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“…In addition, the high spatial resolution of confocal microscopy allows you to precisely reconstruct the 3D surface of the sample without pre-treatment of the sample. Roughness parameters can be calculated with various algorithms based on the surface map acquired from confocal microscopy [156], such as calculating average roughness, measuring variance or asymmetry of the amplitude distribution function, evaluating spikiness in the profile [157], calculating the arithmetic mean deviation of all surface height values [158], and evaluating the actual surface area to the nominal surface area [159]. Surface roughness analysis has been widely used to characterize the texture of the surfaces to evaluate fractures and cracks in material science [159].…”

Section: Surface Roughnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional confocal reflectance microscopy for surface metrology

Kim

¹

,

Yoo

²

2021

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Confocal microscopy uses a confocal aperture in front of a detector to eliminate out-of-focus blur, providing optical sectioning, high spatial resolution, and high contrast. It enables precise three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of a sample surface. Using objective lenses with high numerical aperture and short wavelength illumination, confocal microscopy offers high spatial resolution in both lateral and axial directions in a non-destructive and non-contact manner. These qualities make confocal microscopy an ideal tool for the inspection and measurement of microscopic samples. One of the limitations of confocal microscopy for 3D surface metrology, however, is its speed. Both lateral and axial scanning is needed to produce a stack of two-dimensional images along the height, and this takes more time. While high-end confocal laser scanning microscopy can acquire a 3D sample surface within a few seconds, an even faster imaging speed is required in some applications, such as in in-line inspection. Various techniques have been proposed to speed up 3D confocal measurements, such as chromatic confocal microscopy, differential confocal microscopy, dual-detection confocal microscopy, and direct-view confocal microscopy. Here, we review the basic principles, theories, scanning methods, and progress of confocal microscopy for surface metrology, and we discuss the latest progress in the field of ultrafast 3D surface measurement. We anticipate that confocal microscopy, which has become one of the standard metrology tools, will continue to evolve for 3D surface measurement.

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Optimised reflection imaging for surface roughness analysis using confocal laser scanning microscopy and height encoded image processing

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

A Novel Manufacturing Route for Fabrication of Topologically‐Ordered Porous Magnesium Scaffolds

A Novel Manufacturing Route for Fabrication of Topologically‐Ordered Porous Magnesium Scaffolds

OC015: The conservative management of first trimester miscarriages and the use of sonography for patients' selection

Three-dimensional confocal reflectance microscopy for surface metrology

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