Optimisation of ventilation and ignition method for reducing emissions from coal-burning imbaulas

Masekameni, Masilu Daniel; Makonese, Tafadzwa; Annegarn, Harold J.

doi:10.1109/due.2014.6827755

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The method was often demonstrated in poorly ventilated braziers resulting in elevated smoke emissions, in some cases worse compared to the traditional fire ignition method. The research team at the SeTAR Centre, University of Johannesburg has demonstrated that Basa njengo Magogo fire ignition method coupled with an optimised wellventilated brazier, results in improved combustion efficiency and reduced particle (visible smoke) emissions [12,13].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy use scenarios in an informal urban settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa

Makonese

Masekameni

Annegarn

2016

2016 International Conference on the Domestic Use of Energy (DUE)

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This paper presents a survey from a sample of 52 households from three informal urban settlements in Tembisa, Johannesburg, namely Vusimuzi, Madela Kufa Section 1 and Madela Kufa Section 2. The survey covered energy needs for cooking, space heating, water heating and lighting. No information was requested on the age, gender, status in the household, income level of the respondents, or the number of persons in the household. Coal was the primary source of energy for cooking, water heating and space heating, while kerosene was frequently used for cooking and lighting, and less for water heating. The majority of informal dwellings were not connected to the electricity grid at the time of the survey, save for a few which were connected through petrol-powered electric generators or through electricity obtained from a network of illegal connections. None of the households purchased LP gas for domestic use; the fuel is generally perceived to be unsafe for use in these settlements. Factors such as seasonality, the availability and price of fuels, and socio-cultural aspects affect fuel choices and the quantity consumed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy use scenarios in an informal urban settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa

Makonese

Masekameni

Annegarn

2016

2016 International Conference on the Domestic Use of Energy (DUE)

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“…The combustion laboratory was constructed using corrugated iron and combustion materials included coal, wood kindling and paper. The selection of the stove, known as brazier (imbaula), to fuel combination (Top-Lit Updraft (TLUD) and High ventilated stove), was based on the government project roll-out program of TLUD ignition method as an interim air pollution reduction strategy initiative and the selection of high ventilated stoves was based on local studies which proven that the use of high ventilated stove lit with TLUD leads to the reduction of emissions (13,53). Tests were performed over a period of three hours and further details on the burn sequences are provided in (13,54).…”

Section: Btex Sampling Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is an emerging body of knowledge which suggests that indoor household burning presents a major threat to public health (8,9) arising from lack of access to clean energy sources, which has been identified as a major contributor to local indoor air pollution (10,11). Majority of households, especially in developing countries, rely on multiple energy sources combusted daily using inefficient devices in poorly ventilated environments (12,13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment of BTEX Concentration from Combustion of Coal in a Controlled Laboratory Environment

Masekameni¹,

Moolla²,

Gulumian³

et al. 2018

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A D-grade type coal was burned under simulated domestic practices in a controlled laboratory set-up, in order to characterize emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs); viz. benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX). Near-field concentrations were collected in a shack-like structure constructed using corrugated iron, simulating a traditional house found in informal settlements in South Africa. Measurements were carried out using the Synspec Spectras GC955 real-time monitor over a three-hour burn cycle. The 3-hour average concentrations (in µg/m3) of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene and o-xylene were 919 ± 44, 2051 ± 91, 3838 ±19, 4245 41 and 3576 ± 49, respectively. The cancer risk for adult males and females in a typical SA household exposure scenario, was found to be 1.1 -1.2 and 110-120 folds higher than the US EPA designated risk severity indicator (1E-6), respectively. All four TEX compounds recorded the Hazard Quotient (HQ) of less than 1, indicating a low risk of developing related non-carcinogenic health effects. The HQ for TEX ranged from 0.001– 0.05, with toluene concentrations being the lowest and ethylbenzene the highest. This study has demonstrated that domestic coal burning may be a significant source of BTEX emission exposure.

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“…The majority of poor South Africans rely on multiple energy sources to meet their daily household energy needssuch fuels include kerosene, ethanol gel, LPG gas, wood, coal and methanol [7][8]. In many South African townships, where electricity or coal is either not available or unaffordable, illuminating kerosene is highly sourced and used in inefficient stoves (kerosene wick type or pressurised stoves) for cooking and lighting in confined indoor environments [9].…”

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confidence: 99%

A comparison of emissions and thermal efficiency of three improved liquid fuel stoves

Masekameni

Makonese

Annegarn

2015

2015 International Conference on the Domestic Use of Energy (DUE)

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Research has shown that there is a clear link between emissions from inefficient domestic cooking appliances and the prevalence of respiratory infections and cardiovascular diseases. This has prompted the need for the development and dissemination of efficient clean cookstoves for cooking and heating purposes. Although liquid fuels are rated cleaner than traditional solid fuels, their combustion in basic and poorly designed stoves leads to problems of household air pollution and fire hazards. Information on the combustion, pollutant emissions and thermal performance of liquid fuel stoves is still scarce and there is a need to address this gap. This study characterises emissions and thermal performance of three liquid fuel stoves -kerosene stove, an ethanol gel stove and a prototype methanol stove. Kerosene/paraffin stoves are widely used in the low-income settlements in South Africa, while the ethanol gel and methanol stoves are new entrants in the market place. The 'hood' method was employed to collect the flue gases and particulate emissions, and to measure emission factors for the devices. The SeTAR Centre heterogeneous stove testing protocols (HTP) was employed to determine the average CO and PM25 emissions, as well as the CO/C02 ratio and thermal efficiency of each device. The methanol prototype stove reported better combustion efficiency compared to the ethanol gel and the kerosene stoves. Although the methanol stove has improved combustion efficiency compared to the other stoves, the fire-power is below the recommended standard and user expectations.

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Optimisation of ventilation and ignition method for reducing emissions from coal-burning imbaulas

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

Energy use scenarios in an informal urban settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa

Energy use scenarios in an informal urban settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa

Risk Assessment of BTEX Concentration from Combustion of Coal in a Controlled Laboratory Environment

A comparison of emissions and thermal efficiency of three improved liquid fuel stoves

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