Optimisation of the effect of colemanite as a new synergistic agent in an intumescent system

Atikler, U.; Demir, Hasan; Tokatlı, Figen; Tıhmınlıoğlu, Funda; Balköse, Devri̇m; Ülkü, Semra

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.09.017

Cited by 37 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In recent years, intumescent flame retardant (IFR) additives have been increasingly used to retard the flammability of polymers such as PP. Compared to halogen‐containing compounds, IFR additives generate little smoke, no corrosive gas, and no flame dripping and are nontoxic 3–6. An IFR additive is actually a system that consists of an acid source, a blowing agent, and a carbonific agent or char.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flammability and mechanical properties of wood flour‐filled polypropylene composites

Bakar¹,

Ishak²,

Taib³

et al. 2010

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Polypropylene (PP) composites filled with wood flour (WF) were prepared with a twin-screw extruder and an injection-molding machine. Three types of ecologically friendly flame retardants (FRs) based on ammonium polyphosphate were used to improve the FR properties of the composites. The flame retardancy of the PP/WF composites was characterized with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vertical burn testing (UL94-V), and limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements. The TGA data showed that all three types of FRs could enhance the thermal stability of the PP/WF/FR systems at high temperatures and effectively increase the char residue formation. The FRs could effectively reduce the flammability of the PP/WF/FR composites by achieving V-0 UL94-V classification. The increased LOI also showed that the flammability of the PP/WF/FR composites was reduced with the addition of FRs. The mechanical property study revealed that, with the incorporation of FRs, the tensile strength and flexural strength were decreased, but the tensile and flexural moduli were increased in all cases. The presence of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) resulted in an improvement of the filler-matrix bonding between the WF/intumescent FR and PP, and this consequently enhanced the overall mechanical properties of the composites. Morphological studies carried out with scanning electron microscopy revealed clear evidence that the adhesion at the interfacial region was enhanced with the addition of MAPP to the PP/WF/FR composites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flammability and mechanical properties of wood flour‐filled polypropylene composites

Bakar¹,

Ishak²,

Taib³

et al. 2010

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…In order to enhance the flame retardancy, new intumescent flame retardant systems have been developed rapidly [3,[6][7][8], which has high flame retardant efficiency. In addition, some synergistic agents have also been used to improve further the flame retardant of intumescent flame retardant PP systems, such as nano-Mn 0.4 Zn 0.6 Fe 2 O 4 [9], zeolites [10], montmorillonite [11,12], silica [13], alumina [13], silicotungstic acid [14], lanthanum oxide [15,16], nano-BaWO 4 [17], expandable graphite [18], iron powder [19], nanoflaky manganese phosphate [20], phosphotungstic acid [21], hydroxy silicone oil [22], a-ZrP [23], colemanite [24], zinc borate [25], polysilsesquioxane [26], borosiloxane [27] and other metallic compounds [1]. Sepiolite is a family of fibrous hydrated magnesium silicate with the theoretical half unit-cell formula Si 12 O 30 Mg 8 (OH) 4 (OH 2 ) 4 ·8H 2 O characterized by a needle-like morphology [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic effects of sepiolite on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene

Huang¹,

Chen²,

Wang³

et al. 2010

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. In this paper, the effects of sepiolite as a synergistic agent on the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene (PP/IFR) were studied using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), the UL-94 test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), cone calorimeter test (CCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the IFR system mainly consisted of the ammonium polyphosphate modified with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane coupling agent, melamine and dipentaerythritol. The results from the LOI and UL 94 tests show that sepiolite added to the PP/IFR system has a synergistic flame retardant effects with the IFR system. The TGA results reveal that sepiolite enhances the thermal stability of the PP/IFR composite and increases the char residue formation. The cone calorimeter results indicate that the heat release rate, mass loss rate, total heat release and average specific extinction area of the PP/IFR/sepiolite composite decrease in comparison with the PP/IFR composite. The LRS measurements provide useful information on the carbonaceous microstructures. The morphological structures observed by SEM have demonstrated that sepiolite promote the formation of the reinforced and homogeneous char barrier on the surface of the composites. Simultaneously, the Young's modulus and flexural modulus of the PP/IFR composites are also much better improved with the increase of sepiolite added.

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“…32 Further, to increase efficiency and decrease labor intensiveness, a dissolution period of 15 minutes was adopted to determine the relationship between independent variables and dissolution. 19 As shown in Table 5 33 In this experiment, all the responses were reasonably close to unity, indicating that the fit was sufficient. Adequate precision was in the range of the predicted response relative to its signal-to-noise ratio.…”

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confidence: 51%

Development and optimization of a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for atorvastatin calcium by using D-optimal mixture design

Yeom¹,

Song²,

Kim³

et al. 2015

IJN

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In this study, we developed and optimized a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) formulation for improving the dissolution and oral absorption of atorvastatin calcium (ATV), a poorly water-soluble drug. Solubility and emulsification tests were performed to select a suitable combination of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant. A d -optimal mixture design was used to optimize the concentration of components used in the SMEDDS formulation for achieving excellent physicochemical characteristics, such as small droplet size and high dissolution. The optimized ATV-loaded SMEDDS formulation containing 7.16% Capmul MCM (oil), 48.25% Tween 20 (surfactant), and 44.59% Tetraglycol (cosurfactant) significantly enhanced the dissolution rate of ATV in different types of medium, including simulated intestinal fluid, simulated gastric fluid, and distilled water, compared with ATV suspension. Good agreement was observed between predicted and experimental values for mean droplet size and percentage of the drug released in 15 minutes. Further, pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed that the optimized SMEDDS formulation considerably enhanced the oral absorption of ATV, with 3.4-fold and 4.3-fold increases in the area under the concentration-time curve and time taken to reach peak plasma concentration, respectively, when compared with the ATV suspension. Thus, we successfully developed an optimized ATV-loaded SMEDDS formulation by using the d -optimal mixture design, that could potentially be used for improving the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs.

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Optimisation of the effect of colemanite as a new synergistic agent in an intumescent system

Cited by 37 publications

References 13 publications

Flammability and mechanical properties of wood flour‐filled polypropylene composites

Flammability and mechanical properties of wood flour‐filled polypropylene composites

Synergistic effects of sepiolite on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene

Development and optimization of a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for atorvastatin calcium by using D-optimal mixture design

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Optimisation of the effect of colemanite as a new synergistic agent in an intumescent system

Cited by 37 publications

References 13 publications

Flammability and mechanical properties of wood flour‐filled polypropylene composites

Flammability and mechanical properties of wood flour‐filled polypropylene composites

Synergistic effects of sepiolite on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene

Development and optimization of a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for atorvastatin calcium by using D-optimal mixture&nbsp;design

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Development and optimization of a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for atorvastatin calcium by using D-optimal mixture design