Optimisation of the additive manufacturing parameters of polylactic acid (PLA) cellular structures for biomedical applications

Myers, David; Abdel-Wahab, Adel A.; Hafeez, Farrukh; Essa, Khamis; Kovačev, Nikolina

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105447

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The compressive modulus and strength of human cancellous bone are 0.01-1.57 GPa and 1.5-38 MPa, respectively. [16,20,21] It can be found that the compressive modulus of the scaffolds with porosities of 15%, 30%, and 45% in this study aligns more closely with those of human cancellous bone while being less than those of human cortical bone. This indicated the potential for additively manufactured PLA scaffold as a viable replacement for human cancellous bone.…”

Section: Compressive Behavior Of Porous Scaffoldssupporting

confidence: 59%

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Effect of Porosity and Pore Shape on the Mechanical and Biological Properties of Additively Manufactured Bone Scaffolds

Liu,

Wei,

Coathup

et al. 2023

Adv Healthcare Materials

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This study investigates the effect of porosity and pore shape on the biological and mechanical behavior of additively manufactured scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE). Polylactic acid scaffolds with varying porosity levels (15–78%) and pore shapes, including regular (rectangular pores), gyroid, and diamond (triply periodic minimal surfaces) structures, are fabricated by fused filament fabrication. Murine‐derived macrophages and human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) are seeded onto the scaffolds. The compressive behavior and surface morphology of the scaffolds are characterized. The results show that scaffolds with 15%, 30%, and 45% porosity display the highest rate of macrophage and hBMSC growth. Gyroid and diamond scaffolds exhibit a higher rate of macrophage proliferation, while diamond scaffolds exhibit a higher rate of hBMSC proliferation. Additionally, gyroid and diamond scaffolds exhibit better compressive behavior compared to regular scaffolds. Of particular note, diamond scaffolds have the highest compressive modulus and strength. Surface morphology characterization indicates that the surface roughness of diamond and gyroid scaffolds is greater than that of regular scaffolds at the same porosity level, which is beneficial for cell attachment and proliferation. This study provides valuable insights into porosity and pore shape selection for additively manufactured scaffolds in BTE.

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Section: Compressive Behavior Of Porous Scaffoldssupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Polylactic acid (PLA), as a biocompatible and biodegradable material, has been widely used to fabricate bone scaffolds. [ 16 ] The non‐toxic byproducts generated by PLA degradation can be excreted from the human body. Thus, it is not necessary to remove PLA bone implants from the human body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Porosity and Pore Shape on the Mechanical and Biological Properties of Additively Manufactured Bone Scaffolds

Liu,

Wei,

Coathup

et al. 2023

Adv Healthcare Materials

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“…The relevant parameter has an effectiveness probability of more than 95% if the (1) probability of p in the ANOVA is less than 0.05 [22]. A lower p-value denotes more correlation between an input parameter's variance and the output [23]. Based on p-values of PT, PS, and IP (p = 0.000), they significantly affected the 3D-printed interference screws in the density.…”

Section: Effect Of Process Parameters On Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable additive manufacturing of interference screws made from eco-friendly filament for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Hartanti,

Haniel,

Nugraha

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is a sustainable manufacturing approach because it can lower emissions and have a lower negative impact on the environment. 3D-printed interference screws from poly-lactic acid, eco-friendly filament, by fused deposition modelling (FDM), were fabricated with different process parameters. The most popular technique for reconstructing the anterior cruciate ligament is interference screw fixation. This study considered the role of the AM sustainability paradigm in terms of material input for FDM and product manufacturing. This study considered the role of the AM sustainability paradigm in terms of material input for FDM and process efficiency by investigating the effect of the AM process parameters, such as printing temperature (PT), printing speed (PS), and infill percentage (IP) on the density and stripping torque (ST). Later, the degradation profile of the screw was analyzed using the weight loss of screws. The experimental design of the fully factorial design was with two levels for each process parameter. The significant process parameters and their interactions were through statistical analysis of the resulting design. Results have shown that PT, PS, and IP significantly influenced the density and ST of 3D-printed interference screws. In five weeks, 3D-printed interference screws started to lose weight.

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“…More importantly, these materials are non-biodegradable, which limits their clinical application in degradable loadbearing implant applications [ 12 ] . Polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polymer, has been used to form non-loadbearing orthopedic implants (such as degradable bone plates and screws) and tissue engineering scaffolds due to their admirable attributes in terms of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and biosafety [ 13 - 15 ] . However, the applications of PLA in load-bearing implant have been restricted due to its poor mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on 3D printing process of continuous polyglycolic acid fiber-reinforced polylactic acid degradable composites

Aihemaiti¹,

Jia²,

Aiyiti³

et al. 2024

IJB

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A continuous polyglycolic acid (PGA) fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) degradable composite was proposed for application in biodegradable load-bearing bone implant. The fused deposition modeling (FDM) process was used to fabricate composite specimens. The influences of the printing process parameters, such as layer thickness, printing spacing, printing speed, and filament feeding speed on the mechanical properties of the PGA fiber-reinforced PLA composites, were studied. The thermal properties of the PGA fiber and PLA matrix were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The internal defects of the as-fabricated specimens were characterized by the micro-X-ray 3D imaging system. During the tensile experiment, a full-field strain measurement system was used to detect the strain map and analysis the fracture mode of the specimens. A digital microscope and field emission electron scanning microscopy were used to observe the interface bonding between fiber and matrix and fracture morphologies of the specimens. The experimental results showed that the tensile strength of specimens was related to their fiber content and porosity. The printing layer thickness and printing spacing had significant impacts on the fiber content. The printing speed did not affect the fiber content but had a slight effect on the tensile strength. Reducing the printing spacing and layer thickness could increase the fiber content. The tensile strength (along the fiber direction) of the specimen with 77.8% fiber content and 1.82% porosity was the highest, reaching 209.32 ± 8.37 MPa, which is higher than the tensile strength of the cortical bone and polyether ether ketone (PEEK), indicating that the continuous PGA fiber-reinforced PLA composite has great potential in the manufacture of biodegradable load-bearing bone implants.

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Optimisation of the additive manufacturing parameters of polylactic acid (PLA) cellular structures for biomedical applications

Cited by 20 publications

References 29 publications

Effect of Porosity and Pore Shape on the Mechanical and Biological Properties of Additively Manufactured Bone Scaffolds

Effect of Porosity and Pore Shape on the Mechanical and Biological Properties of Additively Manufactured Bone Scaffolds

Sustainable additive manufacturing of interference screws made from eco-friendly filament for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Study on 3D printing process of continuous polyglycolic acid fiber-reinforced polylactic acid degradable composites

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