Optimisation of Process Parameters to Maximise the Oil Yield from Pyrolysis of Mixed Waste Plastics

Abstract

The study sought to optimise process parameters of thermal pyrolysis of mixed waste plastic (MWP) to maximise pyrolytic oil yield. High-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) were used as feedstocks for pyrolysis. Response surface methodology (RSM) and Box–Behnken design (BBD) were used to optimise the pyrolysis process. The optimisation was carried out by varying three independent variables, namely, reaction temperature (460–540 °C), residence time (30–150 min), and size of MWP feedstock (5–45 mm), to increase the liquid oil yield. A BBD matrix was used to generate the design of the experiments, and 15 experiments were conducted. The highest liquid oil yield of 75.14 wt% was obtained by optimising the operating parameters, which were a reaction temperature of 535.96 °C, a reaction time of 150 min, and a feedstock particle size of 23.99 mm. A model was developed to determine the relationships among the independent variables, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate their impact on maximising oil yield. ANOVA results showed that the temperature and residence time had the maximum impact on oil yield, followed by feedstock size. Physicochemical analysis of the properties of the plastic pyrolytic oil (PPO) revealed that the crude PPO obtained from the MWP had higher water (0.125 wt%) and sulfur content (5.12 mg/kg) and lower flash point (<20 °C) and cetane index (32), which makes it unsuitable for use as an automobile fuel. However, these issues can be resolved by upgrading the PPO using different posttreatment techniques, such as distillation and hydrotreatment.

Effect of Feed Mass, Reactor Temperature, and Time on the Yield of Waste Polypropylene Pyrolysis Oil Produced via a Fixed-Bed Reactor

“…This type of experimental design has proven to be reliable in testing the hypothesis of a complex interaction of 3 independent variables with a minimal number of experiments. A BBD design of this experiment, but with different independent variables and waste plastic mixture as the feedstock, was recently described [39]. Moreover, Ore and Adebiyi [40] chose a similar experimental design and a related RSM in studying the effects of temperature, sample weight, and reaction time on the yield of non-condensable gases in the pyrolysis of waste tire in a fixed-bed reactor.…”

“…In order to examine the aforementioned assumptions to mathematically describe and quantify each of them, the Box-Behnken design was used as a specific type of response surface methodology (RSM). RSM is commonly applied in the description of various processes [30][31][32][33], especially in the description of the pyrolysis of plastics [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46].…”

Effect of Feed Mass, Reactor Temperature and Time on Yield of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Produced via a Fixed Bed Reactor

“…This type of experimental design has proven to be reliable in testing the hypothesis of a complex interaction of 3 independent variables with minimal number of experiments. BBD design of experiment, but with different independent variables and waste plastic mixture as feedstock, was recently described [32]. Moreover, Ore and Adebiyi [33] chose a similar design of experiment and a related RSM in studying the effects of temperature, sample weight, and reaction time on the yield of non-condensable gases in the pyrolysis of waste tire in a fixed-bed reactor.…”

“…RSM is commonly applied in the description of various processes [23][24][25][26], especially in the description of pyrolysis of plastics [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37].…”