“…Electroporation-mediated gene transfer has been widely used to introduce DNA into various types of cells in vitro, [7][8][9][10][11] and in vivo application of electronic pulsemediated gene transfer, using specially designed electrodes, has been shown to be effective for mouse muscle, 12,13 chick embryos, 14 rat liver, 15 cardiac tissue, 16 and solid tumors. [17][18][19] Information on the usefulness of electroporation in arterial gene transfer has not been available.…”