“…. , min(p, q) for estimating d. The applications of MDFs in various dimension reduction methods can be found in Cook (2007), Cook and Ni (2005), Cook and Zhang (2014), Ni and Cook (2007), Lee and Yoo (2014), Wen (2010), Yoo (2013), Yoo and Cook (2007) and Yoo and Lee (2011).…”