Optimal sizing hydrokinetic-photovoltaic system for electricity generation in a protected wildlife area of Ecuador

Sustainable development reached a new energy paradigm in recent decades, by promoting renewable generation technologies. The present study performs a techno-economic analysis of several hybrid energy systems that combine wind generators, photovoltaic systems, hydrokinetic turbines, lead acid batteries, and diesel generators in southern Ecuador. From real data, the sizing optimization of each renewable system was done under three proposed energy control algorithms. Then, the combinations of renewable systems are compared based on costs, energy, and environment. Additionally, this study includes several sensitivity analyzes varying the cost of the components and fuel, minimum state of charge in batteries, scaled electric load and time step to better understand the impact caused in each renewable hybrid system. The results show that a system composed of three renewable sources under load following and cycle charging energy controls, is cheaper and less polluting with respect to any combination of sources proposed. In addition to this, the systems that include photovoltaic systems and diesel generators present lower cost, 0.36 US$/kWh in the best case. To reduce the operability of the diesel List of Symbols and Abbreviations: P PV , output power of a photovoltaic system (kW); Y PV , rated capacity of the photovoltaic array (kW); f PV , photovoltaic derating factor (%); G T , incident solar radiation on the photovoltaic array (kW/m 2); G T,STC , incident solar radiation at standard test conditions (kW/m 2); α P , power coefficient of photovoltaic array (%/ C); T c , photovoltaic cell temperature (C); T c,STC , photovoltaic cell temperature at standard test conditions (C); η mp , maximum power point efficiency of photovoltaic array at standard test conditions (%); τ, solar transmittance of the photovoltaic array (%); α, solar absorptance of the photovoltaic array (%); P WT , output power of wind turbine (kW); v cin , cut in wind speed (m/s); v count , cut off wind speed (m/s); v r , rated wind speed (m/s); P rated , nominal power limit of wind turbine (kW); ρ air , air density (kg/m 3); R, rotor radius of wind turbine (m); C p , power coefficient of wind turbine (%); v i , wind speed (m/s); P HKT , hydrokinetic turbine electrical power output (kW); ρ w , water density (kg/m 3); C p,H , hydrokinetic turbine performance coefficient (%); η HKT , combined hydrokinetic turbine-generator efficiency (%); A, hydrokinetic turbine sweep area (m 2); v, river speed (m/s); t, time (s); E HKT , energy of hydrokinetic turbine (kWh); P DG , diesel generator electrical power output (kW); η DG , diesel generator efficiency (%); E batt (t), energy stored in batteries over time t (kWh); E batt (t − 1), energy stored in batteries over time (t − 1) (kWh); σ, battery self-discharge rate; η batt , efficiency of battery during the charging process (%); P Linv (t), power of bidirectional converter in alternating current (kW); P inv (t), power of bidirectional converter in direct current (kW); η inv , efficiency of bidirectional converter (%); C...

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“…Energy in HKT is given by Equation (6). Technical characteristics of HKT are shown in Table 4 11,13,14,54,57

E_{HKT} = P_{HKT} * t

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno‐economic evaluation of renewable energy systems combining PV‐WT‐HKT sources: Effects of energy management under Ecuadorian conditions

Arévalo

Benavides

Lata‐García

2020

Int Trans Electr Energ Syst

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“…It is similar to the wind turbine, but the density of water is approximately 800 times higher than the air. The power of the hydrokinetic turbine is given by Equation (2) [21][22][23].…”

Section: Hydrokinetic Turbinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Being a turbine taking advantage of the speed of the fluid, it is possible to install it directly in a river or canal. References [21,22] present studies related to photovoltaic -hydrokinetic off-grid systems, by usinglead-acid batteries and hydrogen tanks as energy storage. The results show that the hydrogen system implies a higher investment cost, but over time it turns out to be cheaper than a lead-acid system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal energy management strategies to reduce diesel consumption for a hybrid off-grid system

Arévalo-Cordero

Benavides

Espinoza

et al. 2020

redin

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Although climate change is a reality, many off-grid communities continue to use diesel generators for electricity supply. This document presents a strategy to reduce diesel consumption in an out-of-grid system formed by renewable sources (PV-HKT-WT-DG). Three energy dispatch strategies have been proposed to verify the impact on diesel consumption and generator operating hours. In addition, different energy storage technologies (acid lead, lithium-ion, vanadium redox flow, pump storage and supercapacitor) have been considered. The HOMER software has been used to calculate the optimal size of the systems through technical-economic indicators. The results show that it is possible to reduce diesel consumption progressively; however, the cost of energy increases. On the other hand, when using lithium-ion batteries under charge cycle control, the penetration of the diesel generator has been greatly reduced without affecting the cost of the system. Finally, sensitivity analyzes have shown that when demand increases, diesel consumption does not increase significantly by using redox vanadium flow batteries, whereas the diesel generator operating hours decrease significantly in all systems.

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“…It is noteworthy that the acid lead battery has a short life cycle. In the same way, [25] discusses replacing the diesel generation system with fuel cells, yet fuel cells are expensive. In addition, this work may be extended in the future to include hydrogen and different storage systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of an Off-Grid Hybrid System Using Lithium Ion Batteries

Cordero¹,

García²,

Jurado³

2020

ACTA POLYTECH HUNG

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Distributed generation represents an optimal solution for energy problems in remote sites, where access to energy distribution companies is difficult. This article therefore presents the modeling and optimization of an electric power system based on hybrid renewable energy (photovoltaic/hydrokinetic/diesel), combined with a Lithium Ion battery storage system. The analysis is performed using two methods. The first is a computational model based on mathematical equations using the Simulink Design Optimization (SDO) tool in Matlab. The second is a simulation of the hybrid system using the HOMER Software. The results show that the highest annual energy contribution corresponds to the hydrokinetic generation system (78.87%), the photovoltaic generation with a percentage of 19.59% and the penetration of the diesel generator is the lowest with 1.53%. In addition, the Nelder-Mead algorithm (SDO) shows a lower number of diesel generator starts, increasing the capacity of the batteries.

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Optimal sizing hydrokinetic-photovoltaic system for electricity generation in a protected wildlife area of Ecuador

Cited by 15 publications

References 30 publications

Techno‐economic evaluation of renewable energy systems combining PV‐WT‐HKT sources: Effects of energy management under Ecuadorian conditions

Techno‐economic evaluation of renewable energy systems combining PV‐WT‐HKT sources: Effects of energy management under Ecuadorian conditions

Optimal energy management strategies to reduce diesel consumption for a hybrid off-grid system

Optimization of an Off-Grid Hybrid System Using Lithium Ion Batteries

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