“…The integer linear programming (ILP) method is widely used for solving the OPP problem [5]- [8] since it is capable of solving the OPP problem in a very short time. The exhaustive search (ES) method [9]- [11] and heuristic algorithms such as simulated annealing (SA) [12], genetic algorithm (GA) [13], [14], firefly algorithm (FA) [15], tabu search [16], differential evolution (DE) [17], [18], and particle swarm optimization (PSO) through a binary variant called binary PSO (BPSO) [19]- [25] have shown that they are also capable of finding the optimal placement of PMUs. In these existing studies, many constrained factors such as the effect of the zero-injection bus (ZIB), conventional measurement, a single PMU loss, line outage and PMU's channel limits are considered while solving the OPP problem.…”