“…The benchmarks models in this study may have their limitations, which other metrics in real experiments may affect the outcomes of the studies. Hence, in the future, the proposed HGASSO should be implemented to solve real problems that utilize cosine, sine, and exponent in there mathematical modeling such as minimizing propagation loss and interference of wireless, telecommunication and mobile networks (Shehadeh et al, 2020;Hamdan et al, 2015;Hamdan, 2018), engineering applications (Jayabarathi et al, 2018), designing the optimal spacing and length of Yagi-Uda antenna (Baumgartner et al, 2017). Furthermore, in the future, the proposed HGASSO should be compared against a set of well-known approaches, such as "Chaotic Gravitational Search Algorithm (CGSA)" (Rather & Bala, 2020), "Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO)" (Mirjalili et al, 2014), and "Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA)" (Mirjalili et al, 2016).…”