“…To deal with this problem, model-based controller tuning methods have been effectively developed (Morari and Zafiriou, 1989;Seborg, Edgar, and Mellichamp, 2003). Recently improved methods for tuning the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, which is most commonly used in engineering practice, can be found in the literature (Piazzi and Visioli, 2006;Leva, Bascetta and Schiavo, 2005;Sree, Srinivas and Chidambaram, 2004;Skogestad, 2003;Ho et al, 2003;Sung, Lee and Park, 2002;Lee and Edgar, 2002;Hwang and Hsiao, 2002;Tan, Lee and Jiang, 2001). For such a controller design, a low-order process model is needed, of which the first-order-plus-deadtime (FOPDT) model structure is mostly used since it can effectively reflect the fundamental characteristics of process response, in particular for the low frequency range primarily referred to controller tuning (Åström and Hägglund, 1995;Yu, 2006).…”