“…However, this problem has been formulated as an optimization problem. Several optimization methods (deterministic, heuristic, hybrid) have been proposed to attack this problem, including linear programming (LP) [7][8][9], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [10][11][12][13], genetic algorithm (GA) [14][15][16][17], hybrid GA, and mixed PSO [18][19][20][21]. These mentioned algorithms have been used in the studies of coordinating the DOCRs off-line for fixed network topologies and also for considering different network topologies [18,22,23].…”