Optimal Map-Based Mode Selection and Powertrain Control for a Multi-Mode Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Real-Time Predictive Control of Connected Vehicle Powertrains for Improved Energy Efficiency

“…Strategies that fall in under the instantaneous optimization method umbrella include the equivalent consumption management strategy (ECMS). The ECMS, which is capable of real time control, utilizes a cost function with a predetermined equivalence factor between the cost of fuel and electrical energy consumption [6,[10][11][12]. Improvements to the ECMS method include adaptive ECMS, or A-ECMES.…”

“…The control vector, U, varies from operating mode to operating mode as shown in (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13).…”

“…Two different cost functions are defined; one for EV mode, (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), and one for the hybrid modes, (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). In EV mode, the delivery of electrical power in the most efficient manner is a main concern.…”

“…Early strategies included the equivalent consumption management strategy (ECMS), and adaptive ECMS (A-ECMS). ECMS is an instantaneous optimization strategy that utilizes an equivalent factor between the cost of fuel and SOC variation [6,10,11].…”

“…disturbance vector V, shown in(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14), remains the same for each operating mode. This vector brings the predicted drive unit output speed,(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15), output acceleration,(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16), and output torque,(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)…”