Optimal location and sizing of distributed storage systems in active distribution networks

Optimal Allocation of Dispersed Energy Storage Systems in Active Distribution Networks for Energy Balance and Grid Support

“…The study was performed considering different scenarios associated to DG composed of volatile energy resources (essentially PV-injections). In [21], the optimal siting and sizing of DSSs in ADNs has been addressed with the objective of minimizing the ADN voltage deviations, losses and energy cost imported from the external subtransmission grid. In this respect, a hybrid GA and nonlinear programming approach was used to solve the mixed-integer nonconvex nonlinear problem.…”

“…In this respect, a hybrid GA and nonlinear programming approach was used to solve the mixed-integer nonconvex nonlinear problem. However, the approach proposed in [21] is computationally expensive and the global optimal solution is not guaranteed for both fitness function (represented by an optimal ac power flow) and the GA procedure.…”

“…In [24], a sufficient condition is proposed for verification of the relaxed OPF problem exactness. The authors of [21] suggested a relaxation with more conservative constraints for the network nodal voltage limits. A mixed-integer quadratically constrained quadratic programming model is proposed in [25] for the optimal reconfiguration of passive distribution systems.…”

A general spatio-temporal model of energy systems with a detailed account of transport and storage

“…Hoffman et al [31] analysed the characteristics of a number of energy system models and concluded that most existing models and tools, both commercial and non-commercial, are focussed on determining system capacity, network design and location of generation technologies but none are suitable for sizing and locating energy storage. Energy storage modelling is an emerging area with most studies focussing 155 on electricity storage [32,33,34,35,36,37,38,29] and typically considering only short-term operation. All of them consider the spatial aspects by using a few pre-defined nodes.…”

“…Parastegari et al [35] developed a more general 160 model but only considering operation over one day, also at the hourly level. A number of models have also been developed that optimise size and location of storage technologies but these are also limited by the time horizon considered: Carpinelli et al [36] and Ghofrani et al [37] are limited to a single day's operation at the hourly level; Nick et al [38] also considered a single day with 24 hours but performed the analysis for winter and summer days separately. Pudjianto et al [29] modelled the GB electricity system and optimised…”