“…A marked contribution of improving spectral efficiency was proposed in 1975 by Mazo [1], where it was proven that, in a single-carrier scenario, a 25% gain in spectral efficiency can be achieved at the same bit error rate (BER) and energy per bit (E b ). In 2003, a multi-carrier system, termed spectrally efficient frequency division multiplexing (SEFDM) [2], [3], which improves spectral efficiency by getting the sub-carriers closer while compromising the orthogonality compared to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) was reported and shown to have advantages in achieving capacity gains [4], [5], choice of signal shapes and power levels [6], [7] and in coexisting with other systems [8]. Other techniques were proposed to improve spectral efficiency by suppressing the out-of-band power level, such as; generalized frequency di-T. Xu, H. Ghannam vision multiplexing (GFDM) [9], filterbank based multicarrier (FBMC) [10] and universal-filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) [11].…”