“…For single-node markets, the system is typically assumed as a single-bus (see [34,37,42,44,46,49,51,53,55,62,66,67,70,71,73,74]) in which transmission losses are neglected. In nodal systems, a first approach is to simplify the grid as if they were pipelines, neglecting the electric characteristics of the lines (see [36,38,48,56]).…”