Optimal Force Allocation and Position Control of Hybrid Pneumatic–Electric Linear Actuators

Abstract

Hybrid pneumatic–electric actuators (HPEAs) are redundant actuators that combine the large force, low bandwidth characteristics of pneumatic actuators with the large bandwidth, small force characteristics of electric actuators. It has been shown that HPEAs can provide both accurate position control and high inherent safety, due to their low mechanical impedance, making them a suitable choice for driving the joints of assistive, collaborative, and service robots. If these characteristics are mathematically modeled, input allocation techniques can improve the HPEA’s performance by distributing the required input (force or torque) between the redundant actuators in accordance with each actuator’s advantages and limitations. In this paper, after developing a model for a HPEA-driven system, three novel model-predictive control (MPC) approaches are designed that solve the position tracking and input allocation problem using convex optimization. MPC is utilized since the input allocation can be embedded within the motion controller design as a single optimization problem. A fourth approach based on conventional linear controllers is included as a comparison benchmark. The first MPC approach uses a model that includes the dynamics of the payload and pneumatics; and performs the motion control using a single loop. The latter methods simplify the MPC law by separating the position and pressure controllers. Although the linear controller was the most computationally efficient, it was inferior to the MPC-based controllers in position tracking and force allocation performance. The third MPC-based controller design demonstrated the best position tracking with RMSE of 46%, 20%, and 55% smaller than the other three approaches. It also demonstrated sufficient speed for real-time operation.

Actuators for Improving Robotic Arm Safety While Maintaining Performance: A Comparison Study

“…Equation ( 1) may be used to represent the robot dynamics for both the PA and HPEA. The equations in this section are based on the models presented in [10,12]. The PA consists of two pneumatic cylinders rotating the output shaft using a dual rack and pinion mechanism.…”

“…These are termed "hybrid pneumatic-electric actuators" (HPEA). A common design for an HPEA consists of a PA connected in parallel with an electric motor, as in [8][9][10][11][12]. This actuator benefits by combining the high torque provided by the PA with the fast torque response of the electric motor.…”

Integrated Modelling and Control of Linear Actuator Based Automatic Pedal Pressing Mechanism for Low-Speed Driving in a Road Traffic Delay

“…These results show the precision achieved in determining the actuator's position. Additionally, in [11], focuses on the analysis of a hybrid linear actuator, specifically a pneumatic-electric actuator. The researchers address the challenges of position tracking and input allocation through the application of convex optimization with PD predictive control, where the tuning process was performed manually.…”

Self-Tuning Control Using an Online-Trained Neural Network to Position a Linear Actuator

“…They present the evaluation of a PID for positioning, acceleration, and force of the impact on the foot. In another work, they show the analysis of a hybrid linear actuator, such as [ 5 ], which is a pneumatic-electric actuator, solving the problem of position tracking and input allocation through convex optimization with a PD predictive control where the tuning was manual.…”