Optimal energy management of HEVs with consideration of battery aging

Abstract

This paper presents an optimal control-based energy management strategy for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). This strategy not only seeks to minimize fuel consumption while maintaining the state-of-charge of the battery within reasonable bounds, but also seeks to minimize wear of the battery and extend its life. This multi-objective optimal control problem is solved numerically using Pontryagin's Minimum Principle (PMP).

Model Predictive Control-Based Energy Management System for a Hybrid Electric Agricultural Tractor

“…This idea could be further developed by considering the battery aging and temperature inside the MPC-EMS formulation, where new objectives and constraints must be considered. There are some results already reported in the literature related to the aging issue (see for instance [41] and [43]), where the authors consider the battery degradation as another term to be minimized in It is noteworthy that the power request, used in the power balance constraint, comprises the PTO, hydraulic and traction powers, which, in this work, are considered as known signals; however, in a real application, the speed of the shaft is the only available variable. Therefore, the EMS should be complemented with an estimator for the loads based on the engine and traction motor mechanical dynamics to provide the total power request information to the MPC.…”

Energy management of hybrid electric vehicles with battery aging considerations: Wheel loader case study

“…Effects of fuel price fluctuations is not considered in this work. This issue is resolved in Tang et al (2014); Tang and Rizzoni (2016); Tang et al (2015) by normalizing fuel mass flow rate and battery degradation terms with respect to their maximum values. Trade-off between the two objectives is studied by introducing a weighting penalty that varies from 0 to 1, which assigns a variable relative degree of importance to the objectives.…”