Optimal emission control strategies for photochemical smog

Costanza, Vicente; Seinfeld, John H.

doi:10.1021/es00096a008

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The decline in AP for NO,` > 1 ppbv is consistent with the findings of photochemical smog models [e.g., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1977; Hov and Derwent, 1981; Costanza and Seinfeld, 1982;Sakarnaki et al, 1982;Altshuller, 1986]. Those models are usually intended for ambient NO,, and NMHC levels substantially higher than the present study.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Observationssupporting

confidence: 89%

Ozone production in the rural troposphere and the implications for regional and global ozone distributions

Liu¹,

Trainer²,

Fehsenfeld³

et al. 1987

J. Geophys. Res.

916

528

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The relationship between O3 and NOx (NO + NO2) which was measured during summer and winter periods at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, has been analyzed and compared to model calculations. Both model calculations and observations show that the daily O3 production per unit of NOx is greater for lower NOx. Model calculations without nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) tend to underestimate the O3 production rate at NOx higher than 1.5 parts per billion by volume and show the opposite dependence on NOx. The model calculations with NMHC are consistent with the observed data in this regime and demonstrate the importance of NMHC chemistry in the O3 production. In addition, at eight other rural stations with concurrent O3 and NOx measurements in the central and eastern United States the daily O3 increase in summer also agrees with the O3 and NOx relationship predicted by the model. The consistency of the observed and model‐calculated daily summer O3 increase implies that the average O3 production in rural areas can be predicted if NOx is known. The dependence of O3 production rate on NOx deduced in this study provides the basis for a crude estimate of the total O3 production. For the United States an average summer column O3 production of about 1×1012Cm−2S−1 from anthropogenically emitted NOx and NMHC is estimated. This photochemical production is roughly 20 times the average cross‐tropopause O3 flux. Production of O3 from NOx that is emitted from natural sources in the United States is estimated to range from 1.9×1011 to 12×1011 cm−2 s−1, which is somewhat smaller than ozone production from anthropogenic NOx sources. Extrapolation to the entire northern hemisphere shows that in the summer, 3 times as much O3 is generated from natural precursors as those of anthropogenic origin. The winter daily O3 production rate was found to be about 10% of the summer value at the same NOx level. However, because of longer NOx lifetime in the winter, the integrated O3 production over the lifetime of NOx may be comparable to the summer value. Moreover, because the natural NOx sources are substantially smaller in the winter, the wintertime O3 budget in the northern hemisphere should be dominated by ozone production from anthropogenic ozone precursors. The photochemical lifetime of O3 in the winter in the mid‐latitude is approximately 200 days. We propose that this long lifetime allows anthropogenically produced O3 to accumulate and contribute substantially to the observed spring maximum that is usually attributed to stratospheric intrusion. Furthermore, the anthropogenic O3 may be transported not only zonally but also to lower latitudes. Thus the long‐term interannual increase in O3, observed in the winter and spring seasons at Mauna Loa, may be due to the same anthropogenic influences as the similar winter trend observed at Hohenpeissenberg, Germany.

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Section: Comparison With Other Observationssupporting

confidence: 89%

Ozone production in the rural troposphere and the implications for regional and global ozone distributions

Liu¹,

Trainer²,

Fehsenfeld³

et al. 1987

J. Geophys. Res.

916

528

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…We believe that the environmental quality and public health of the LA Basin will suffer if, in controlling emissions, the overwhelming scientific evidence for NO, inhibition is ignored. Our simulations (2) and those of others (27,26,27,28,30,32,33) all show that ambient 03 concentrations are not directly proportional to NO, emissions and, indeed, that NO, emissions can inhibit 03 formation. We point out further that both of the NO, emission scenarios considered in our simulations assumed vehicular NO, emission standards below the pre-1980 standards.…”

Section: Pitts Et Al (supporting

confidence: 66%

“…In a more recent work, Costanza and Seinfeld (28) studied optimal emission control strategies to reduce ambient 03 air quality standard violations in the LA Basin. Optimality was defined as minimizing a total cost function consisting of control cost and a cost associated with 03.…”

Section: Pitts Et Al (mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reply to comments on "effect of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission rates on smog formation in the California south coast air basin"

Chock¹,

Dunker²,

Kumar³

et al. 1983

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The formal problem of finding optimal control strategies for urban ozone was first explored in the 1970s and early 1980s ( − ). These early studies relied on empirical relation ships between ozone and its precursor emissions or used graphical optimization methods that superimpose control cost contours onto ozone isopleth diagrams generated using box models with simplified chemical mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability of Optimal Control Strategies for Photochemical Air Pollution

Wang

Milford

2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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This study illustrates how consideration of modeling uncertainties can affect optimal control strategies for urban ozone. Control strategies are investigated for illustrative cases of air parcel trajectories ending at Azusa, CA, and Riverside, CA, on August 28, 1987. The control strategies are designed to achieve a specified air quality target with a given reliability, considering uncertainties in the California Institute of Technology's trajectory model and its inputs, including uncertainties in emissions and in the SAPRC-97 chemical mechanism. A decoupled stochastic optimization scheme is used to solve the chance-constrained programming problem. Least-cost control strategies derived using nominal model inputs and parameter values have low reliability for some target O3 concentrations when uncertainties are taken into account. For the case considered, reducing volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from motor vehicles is identified as the least-cost approach to meeting O3 targets at Azusa. However, the optimal control strategies for Riverside depend on the target O3 concentrations and the level of reliability required. Consideration of model uncertainty is found to shift the focus from VOC controls to nitrogen oxide controls for the Riverside trajectory.

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Optimal emission control strategies for photochemical smog

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

Ozone production in the rural troposphere and the implications for regional and global ozone distributions

Ozone production in the rural troposphere and the implications for regional and global ozone distributions

Reply to comments on "effect of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission rates on smog formation in the California south coast air basin"

Reliability of Optimal Control Strategies for Photochemical Air Pollution

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