“…In response to this problem, many scholars have designed various intelligent algorithms inspired by biological and physical phenomena in nature and the behavior of animal groups. Tese algorithms include the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm [1], ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO) [2], diferential evolution (DE) algorithm [3], frefy algorithm (FA) [4], bat algorithm (BA) [5], grey wolf optimization (GWO) [6], gravitational search algorithm (GSA) [7], freworks algorithm (FWA) [8], sine cosine algorithm (SCA) [9], naked mole-rat (NMR) algorithm [10], slime mould algorithm (SMA) [11], farmland fertility algorithm (FFA) [12], Harris hawks optimization (HHO) algorithm [13], cuckoo search optimization (CSO) algorithm [14], sparrow search algorithm (SSA) [15], ant lion optimizer (ALO) algorithm [16], African vultures optimization algorithm (AVOA) [17], mountain gazelle optimizer (MGO) [18], artifcial gorilla troops optimizer (GTO) [19], improved gorilla troops optimizer (IGTO) [20], improved hybrid aquila optimizer and African vultures optimization algorithm (IHAOAVOA) [21], and enhanced honey badger algorithm (EHBA) [22]. Tey provide powerful tools for the optimal solution of complex functions.…”