Optimal Design Model for a Residential PV Storage System an Application to the Spanish Case

Abstract

Self-consumption of photovoltaic energy is being promoted as an effective way for energy consumption in residential households. The European Directive 944/2019 promotes the use of green energy and battery energy storage systems (BESS) for self-consumption and, in Spain, the 244/2019 Royal Decree of the Spanish electrical regulatory framework allows the self-consumption of energy with a photovoltaic (PV) facility for residential use, as well as the injection of the surplus energy into the grid for which compensation will be received. At the same time, new developments in PV and BESS technologies reduce the costs of facilities, a fact that can increase the profitability of self-consumption through PV energy. This study evaluates the profitability of a household PV facility with BESS using a model based on real market prices, hourly data from user smart meters, and their own location; especially, the model gives the best configuration of PV panels power and BESS capacity. The financial indicators taken as reference for the results and conclusions are the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Investment Return (IR). Our method examines also the effect of the BESS and PV panel costs on the profitability of the facility. Unlike other studies, our model is based on actual (not simulated) demand and price data, and it can be easily extended to other locations and market prices.

A Decade of Transitioning Malaysia toward a High-Solar PV Energy Penetration Nation

“…This scheme is called self-consumption (SELCO), which started in 2017 as a second option for the NEM scheme. This is true for consumers who install PV systems and use the generated electricity for their own consumption [69][70][71], where any excess is not allowed to be exported to the utility grid [72]. There is no capacity limit for SELCO, which gives customers the freedom to install as much as they need for their PV system [73][74][75][76].…”

Towards DC Energy Efficient Homes

“…GHG reduction entails a transition to renewable sources, with PV being a widely used solution to reduce consumption and emissions in homes [11][12][13]. Continuous improvements in the cost and efficiency of solar panels promote energy flexibility, supplied by PV self-production, and presents one of the highest growth rates, in installed power, across the world over the last few decades [14]. PV installations on building rooftops play a key role in achieving climate goals, and a production of 25% of the actual consumption and a seven-million-ton reduction in CO 2 per year has be estimated [15].…”