Optimal control of the effects from industrial transportation on the environment

Abstract

The paper discusses optimal control of ecosystem state for observation of a generalized monotonically varying random parameter. A model is proposed for the controlled vector random process, whose components are assigned acceptable ranges and the observations are performed discretely.One of the most difficult world tasks is to provide safety and protection of populations and the environment from natural and man-made factors. The safety concept based on the zero risk principle used until recently does not fit the laws of the technical sphere, which are of probabilistic character, i.e., the possibilities of accidents and catastrophes always exist.In environmental protection, it is essential that the standards for the permissible effects of man on nature are defined on the basis of the stability and regeneration capacity of ecosystems.It is necessary to establish acceptability (or the degree of unacceptability) for man for new industrial regions at the preproject and project stages of development, particularly for work and life in the zones influenced by the plant.Current chemical analysis methods do not allow one to distinguish pollutants present in ecosystems in terms of the sources in nature or in man's activities. The pollutants are many and varied, and there are various forms of physical pollution (noise, electromagnetic radiation, ionizing radiation), so it is almost impossible to monitor each of them. In nature, there are no useful and harmful chemical or physical ecological factors. Normal development of organisms requires literally all the elements in the periodic table, but only at certain concentrations and in forms dependent on the various parts of the biosphere.There are classical laws in ecology: Liebig's minimum law and Shelford's tolerance law [1, 2], which allow one to say that one should consider the maximal and minimal concentrations governing the development conditions for organisms for each chemical substance in the determination of standardizing parameters. The current widely used system of standardizing effects on the biosphere is based on maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of pollutants for man, which can be used in practical protection only at the preliminary stage of evaluating the adverse man-made load.The MPC standards are accompanied in environmental protection practice by other standardized parameters such as the maximum permissible release (MPR) and the maximum permissible discharge (MPD), which are taken as the permissible amounts of pollutants that are released to the atmosphere or discharged into natural waters in unit time by individual sources. Currently, environmental pollution estimation incorporates the dispersal of pollutants in air or dilution in water, and it is assumed that not exceeding MPR or MPD guarantees obedience to the corresponding MPC for those substances.

A method of ecological estimation for man-made chemical and greenhouse gas pollution

“…Unfortunately, they do not incorporate major factors: pollutant migration in the biosphere, accumulation in food chains and networks, and the formation of secondary pollutants and so on [3]. Also, the approaches do not incorporate the entire life cycle of components or services in the way required by existing nature protection legislation [4].…”

“…Collecting inventory data on the individual processes. 3. Performing calculations for the individual processes.…”

“…Use has been made [3] of Academician Kantorovich's linear programming method in devising an algorithm for the optimal control of an ecological system, which showed that in the first stage one needs information on the unique generalized ecological parameter characterizing either the state of the system or the entire man-made effect on the ecological system. Then it is best to use either E ch or E gh in accordance with the input constraints concerned only with chemical effects or incorporate also the adverse greenhouse-gas ones.…”