Optimal conductor selection and capacitor placement in radial distribution system using nonlinear AC load flow equations and dynamic load model

Farrag, M.A.; Khalil, Ahmed E.E.; Omran, Shaimaa

doi:10.1002/2050-7038.12316

Cited by 8 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The computation module assesses the technical and economic performance of the CSS process. Key technical considerations in passive CSS design include voltage drop, conductor loading, and power losses on the network [36]. On the other hand, active networks have a wider range of challenges, that require additional assessments including the analysis of voltage rise conditions, and network HC [38], [39].…”

Section: Scoping the Css Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Optimal Active Distribution Network Planning: A Critical Review of Conductor Size Selection Methods

Waswa,

Chihota,

Bekker

2023

IEEE Access

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Conductor size selection (CSS) is critical for the optimal design and operation of distribution networks. CSS, like other aspects of network planning, has become increasingly sophisticated as the prevalence of distributed energy resources (DERs) increases. This complexity is linked to DER operational and planning uncertainties, which often exacerbate network issues. Increased uncertainty and uncontrolled DER penetration can result in increased conductor loading and extreme voltage performance concerns (rise, drop, and unbalance) that lower the quality of supply (QoS). Traditional CSS techniques, which were developed for passive systems, do not take DERs into account. Therefore, continued application of these methodologies in CSS for modern networks is untenable. As a result, the shift towards active network design and planning requires new CSS techniques that can enhance the adoption of DERs and facilitate optimal longterm network planning. This paper presents a review of CSS methodologies, focusing on the advances made to accommodate DERs, particularly the adaptation of modeling processes to cater to DER planning and operational uncertainties, and its impacts on other key aspects of CSS. Key CSS processes, including the choice of the CSS objectives, input (loads, generation, and feeder) modeling, load flow assessment, optimization, as well as the incorporation of risk in DER analysis are discussed. Informed by the review, the paper scopes the requirements for a robust CSS methodology for active networks with high DER penetration. The findings of the paper are relevant to future research in the field of active distribution network design with a focus on optimizing the integration and utilization of DERs and the related technical performance of networks.

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Section: Scoping the Css Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Optimal Active Distribution Network Planning: A Critical Review of Conductor Size Selection Methods

Waswa,

Chihota,

Bekker

2023

IEEE Access

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“…where R ij is the line resistance between buses i and j, P j denotes the total effective active power supplied beyond the node j, Q j denotes the total effective reactive power supplied beyond the node j and |V j | is the voltage magnitude at bus j. The value of LSF for bus j (end bus) can be obtained by Equation (8).…”

Section: Lsfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although CPP has been solved by using just FPA, final result may be a local optimal. In Reference 8, CPP and conductor size selection have been solved by using mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model considering AC load flow equations. Objectives of this work are minimization of capacitor and conductor costs as well as energy loss cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new analytical index for solving capacitor placement problem of distribution networks in bi‐level framework: Total loss index

Montazeri

Askarzadeh

2020

Int Trans Electr Energ Syst

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Capacitor allocation of distribution network is a complex and highdimensional optimization problem. As a result, most often, optimization techniques are entangled in local optima. To overcome this problem, this article presents a new bi-level framework for capacitor allocation: (a) at the first level, a new analytical index, named total loss index (TLI), has been proposed to identify high potential buses; and (b), at the second level, a metaheuristic optimization, crow search algorithm (CSA), has been applied for finding the best solution among the candidate solutions. TLI, which depends on the network topology, considers the sensitivity of the network losses to reactive power injection. The proposed framework (TLI + CSA) has been tested on 33-bus and 69-bus radial distribution networks. It is observed that reduction of search space will increase the probability of finding global solution so that (a) on 33-bus network, when three high potential buses are identified at the first level, the optimizer can find the global solution at the second level and (b) on 69-bus network, when six high potential buses are identified by TLI, CSA can find the global solution. It can be drawn that using the proposed TLI + CSA leads to finding more accurate results than the other methodologies. K E Y W O R D S bi-level optimization, capacitor placement, crow search algorithm, radial distribution network, total loss index 1 | INTRODUCTION Capacitor placement problem (CPP) is one of the most important issues for distribution network planners. CPP is defined as the optimal determination of location, type and size of shunt capacitors to reach different goals such as minimization of power losses, improvement of voltage profile and correction of power factor. These objectives are considered with respect to List of symbols and abbreviations: C c , Capacitor cost; C cI , Installation cost; C e , Average cost per unit of power loss ($/kWh); F, Objective function; I k , Current of branch k; LR i , Value of bus reduction at bus i; N B , Number of candidate buses; N L , Number of load buses; P i , Total effective active power supplied to bus i; P Loss , Total network active power loss; PF min , Lower limit of power factor; PF overall , Power factor; Q i , Capacitor bank rating at bus i; Q min Ci , Lower reactive power limit of compensated bus i; Q max Ci , Upper reactive power limit of compensated bus i; Q Ci , Reactive power injected to bus i; Q d, i , Reactive power demand at load bus i; R ij , Resistance between buses i and j; S Li , Actual line flow; S rated Li , Rated line capacity; T, Time period; jV i j, Voltage magnitude at bus i.

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“…A sample of studies investigating the formulation of optimal CSS is reported in [1,14,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Analysis of this literature was carried out to establish the number of studies that considered DERs in the CSS formulation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, these studies did not consider modeling DERs, which implies that they are not suitable in selecting and sizing conductors in active systems. Furthermore, these methods were largely formulated with a cost minimization objective and did not envision enhancing DER penetration on the network as a key objective [17,[19][20][21][22][23][25][26][27][28][29][30][32][33][34]36].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Probabilistic Conductor Size Selection Framework for Active Distribution Networks

Waswa¹,

Chihota²,

Bekker³

2021

Energies

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With the increasing adoption of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as wind and solar photovoltaics (PV), many distribution networks have changed from passive to active. In turn, this has led to increased technical and operational challenges such as voltage issues and thermal loading in high DER penetration scenarios. These challenges have been further increased by the uncertainties arising from DER allocation. The implication of DER allocation uncertainty in the planning process is far-reaching as it affects critical planning processes, including conductor size selection (CSS). Most reported CSS methods in the literature do not include DER allocation uncertainty modeling as they are mostly deterministic and are set out as optimization problems. The methods, therefore, lack foresight on future loading conditions and cannot be used in a CSS process for feeders with high DER penetration. This paper proposes a novel input–process–output stochastic–probabilistic CSS framework for distribution feeders with DERs. The efficacy of the proposed framework is demonstrated using a low voltage feeder design case study with varying PV penetration targets, and the performance compared to deterministic–active-based estimates from our earlier work. The proposed CSS method is well-suited to the sizing of conductors for future loading conditions considering DER allocation uncertainty and will therefore be useful to planners working on new electrification projects.

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Optimal conductor selection and capacitor placement in radial distribution system using nonlinear AC load flow equations and dynamic load model

Cited by 8 publications

References 29 publications

Toward Optimal Active Distribution Network Planning: A Critical Review of Conductor Size Selection Methods

Toward Optimal Active Distribution Network Planning: A Critical Review of Conductor Size Selection Methods

A new analytical index for solving capacitor placement problem of distribution networks in bi‐level framework: Total loss index

A Probabilistic Conductor Size Selection Framework for Active Distribution Networks

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