Optimal Charging of Electric Vehicles with Trading on the Intraday Electricity Market

Naharudinsyah, Ilham; Limmer, Steffen

doi:10.3390/en11061416

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Smart charging [10], which allows the control of charging processes in a coordinated way, is often seen as an important step towards a successful grid integration of EVs and a profitable operation of public EV charging stations. Different approaches towards increasing the grid stability [11,12] and the profit of EV charging station operators [13][14][15] are proposed in the literature. Smart charging could be also applied by individual users in order to reduce their charging costs [16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Pricing for Electric Vehicle Charging—A Literature Review

Limmer

2019

Energies

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Time-varying pricing is seen as an appropriate means for unlocking the potential flexibility from electric vehicle users. This in turn facilitates the future integration of electric vehicles and renewable energy resources into the power grid. The most complex form of time-varying pricing is dynamic pricing. Its application to electric vehicle charging is receiving growing attention and an increasing number of different approaches can be found in the literature. This work aims at providing an overview and a categorization of the existing work in this growing field of research. Furthermore, user studies and the modeling of user preferences via utility functions are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Pricing for Electric Vehicle Charging—A Literature Review

Limmer

2019

Energies

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“…However, in the real life scenario it can only takes place with aggregator because of bidding size capabilities and advantage of large pooling. Approach similar to the study has been found in the literature where trading of electricity is done in two stage, where in first stage,electricity is traded on day-ahead market based on historical driving and charging pattern [37]. In the second stage, deviations from the prediction can be adjusted on intra-day market.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It is possible to trade before 5-minutes of delivery on IDM in the Netherlands. Such approach is practical and legal, moreover, several studies have also explored it for different countries in Europe [37,45]. Based on this approach further modelling assumptions and simplifications will be made in this research.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Monetary Value of Vehicle-to-Grid Considering Battery Degradation: Agent-Based Approach

Raj¹

2019

Preprint

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Electrification of the transport sector is increasing the electricity demand in the energy system. On the other hand, penetration of renewable energy sources is increasing the intermittency in the power system, posing the challenge in the real-time balancing of the electricity supply and demand. With V2G or bi-directional charging, it is possible to link both the system in a way that can provide synergistic benefits to both. In V2G research, system benefits have been studied thoroughly in the past compared to EV user benefits of V2G services. Moreover, research on EV user benefits lacks the socio-technical approach that takes into account user behaviour, social values, and business models.Considering above mentioned research gaps, in this thesis, V2G monetary benefits are researched for the EV users in the Netherlands. The study specifically focuses on EV users trading at spot market in the Netherlands while providing V2G storage (arbitrage). Moreover, simplistic battery degradation cost and lifetime economic analysis have also taken into consideration for the calculation of V2G net benefits. This research has been conducted under SparkCity agent-based model framework, which has been developed at the Eindhoven University of Technology and currently maintained by Zenmo simulations in the Netherlands.Agent-based modelling approach comprises the heterogeneous behaviours and characteristics of the agents (EV users), their collective influence on the spot market and individual agent’s V2G benefits which are affected by the global change in prices of the spot market. V2G charging strategy has been compared with baseline charging strategy and cost-based charging strategy for the comparison of the benefits. EV users with diverse characteristics in the neighbourhood have been compared to study the effects of individual characteristics on monetary benefits. Simulation has been run for three different years with varying EV adoption rate and renewable energy penetration into the energy system.Results show V2G as a promising solution for the energy system with high renewable and EVs. It can provide a tremendous amount of flexibility and storage to the system and offset the storage costs into the future energy system. However, V2G benefits for EV users under spot market are lower comparing to other market mechanisms. It might be less attractive for users to provide storage for a more extended period with comparably less profit gain. Moreover, battery degradation costs are higher taking into consideration current battery prices. However, with more PV installation in the renewable mix, the potential to gain benefits during the day time increase significantly.

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“…In a smart grid environment, smart charging provides flexibility to the grid, allowing demand response services. Smart charging strategies have been used in [21] by comparing different strategies with the aim of providing frequency regulation services, in [45] in conjunction with the provision of vehicle-originating signals to minimise the variability of the aggregate power pattern with respect to a predefined reference, in [55] to minimise the cost of the charging schedule by taking into account the trading on the intraday electricity market. From a technical point of view, the implementation of dynamic EV charging is discussed in [56] considering different solutions for AC charging, Chademo and Combined Charging System (CCS)/COMBO.…”

Section: Evappmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Strategy to Exploit the Flexibility of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station

et al. 2019

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The increasing use of electric vehicles connected to the power grid gives rise to challenges in the vehicle charging coordination, cost management, and provision of potential services to the grid. Scheduling of the power in an electric vehicle charging station is a quite challenging task, considering time-variant prices, customers with different charging time preferences, and the impact on the grid operations. The latter aspect can be addressed by exploiting the vehicle charging flexibility. In this article, a specific definition of flexibility to be used for an electric vehicle charging station is provided. Two optimal charging strategies are then proposed and evaluated, with the purpose of determining which strategy can offer spinning reserve services to the electrical grid, reducing at the same time the operation costs of the charging station. These strategies are based on a novel formulation of an economic model predictive control algorithm, aimed at minimising the charging station operation cost, and on a novel formulation of the flexibility capacity maximisation, while reducing the operation costs. These formulations incorporate the uncertainty in the arrival time and state of charge of the electric vehicles at their arrival. Both strategies lead to a considerable reduction of the costs with respect to a simple minimum time charging strategy, taken as the benchmark. In particular, the strategy that also accounts for flexibility maximisation emerges as a new tool for maintaining the grid balance giving cost savings to the charging stations.

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Optimal Charging of Electric Vehicles with Trading on the Intraday Electricity Market

Cited by 21 publications

References 23 publications

Dynamic Pricing for Electric Vehicle Charging—A Literature Review

Dynamic Pricing for Electric Vehicle Charging—A Literature Review

Assessing the Monetary Value of Vehicle-to-Grid Considering Battery Degradation: Agent-Based Approach

Optimal Strategy to Exploit the Flexibility of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station

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