Optimal Calibration of an Adaptive and Predictive Energy Management Strategy for Fuel Cell Electric Trucks

Abstract

Energy management strategies have a significant impact on the hydrogen economy of fuel cell trucks and the lifetime of battery and fuel cell systems. This contribution presents the design and optimal calibration of an energy management strategy that is adaptive to the battery and ambient temperatures. Indeed, fuel cell trucks face critical operating conditions due to high ambient temperatures or high loads on long uphill roads. However, the presented adaptive energy management strategy shifts the electric loads to the fuel cell system to limit the battery usage, avoiding accelerated degradation due to battery temperature peaks without hindering the hydrogen economy. The strategy design and calibration involves a multi-objective optimization of performance indicators related to hydrogen consumption, fuel cell degradation, battery thermal state, equivalent charge/discharge cycles, and charge control. This work uses AVL CAMEO to systematically vary the adaptive curve parameters to explore the trade-off between the key performance indicators. The calibration considers real-world driving cycles of road freight vehicles, including measured speed, road elevation, and variable vehicle mass. Moreover, the energy management design is robust because the performance indicators are evaluated over 8935 km, covering an extensive range of real-world driving scenarios. Eventually, the adaptive and predictive energy management strategy proposed in this work can meet all the performance targets thanks to the optimal calibration, and it is particularly effective in avoiding battery temperature peaks.

Study of Supercapacitors Built in the Start-Up System of the Main Diesel Locomotive

“…As a rule, the EDLC operation at low outdoor temperatures requires slightly increasing the operating voltage to compensate for the ESR increase. If the operating conditions are observed, the number of charge/discharge cycles of a supercapacitor reaches 500,000, and its service life exceeds 10 years [30].…”