Optimal battery size for a green base station in a smart grid with a renewable energy source

Kure, Endre Hegland Hjort; Maharjan, Sabita; Gjessing, Stein; Zhang, Yan

doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm.2017.8340658

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Although RESs adoption is a viable solution for cutting energy bills and GHG emissions, there exist many challenges for integrating distributed RESs into BSs, of which the primary one is the fluctuating nature of renewable energy sources. The energy fluctuation problem can be alleviated [9] but hardly be solely solved by using storage [10], because of the high expenditure and safety issues brought by large-scale energy storage. Moreover, the daily peak duration of BS power load [11] (seeing Figure 1) does not overlap with the representative RESs, solar, and wind [12] (seeing Figure 2), which causes difficulties in RES power accommodation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5G BSs require a much larger backup battery capacity because of the higher peak load [23]. A low battery utilization rate is expected in 5G BSs, due to the short peak-load period (seeing Figure 1), the growing power supply reliability, especially in urban areas, and the possible RES assistance [24]. For this issue, some researchers proposed a considerable solution by introducing electric vehicles (EVs) as mobile storages to assist BSs via Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cooperative Planning of Distributed Renewable Energy Assisted 5G Base Station With Battery Swapping System

Liu¹,

Bie

2021

IEEE Access

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The surging electricity consumption and energy cost have become a primary concern in the planning of the upcoming 5G systems. The integration of distributed renewable energy sources (RESs), such as solar and wind, is considered to be a viable solution for cutting energy bills and greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions of 5G base stations(BSs). Meanwhile, battery swapping(BSW) service for Electric two-wheelers (E2Ws) is a burgeoning method to address the issue of E2Ws refueling in urban areas. The authors spotted potentials in the integration and cooperation of 5G BSs, distributed RES generations, and BSW systems for E2Ws. This paper proposes a simulation-based optimization framework for cooperative planning of the integrated system of 5G BS, RES generations, and BSW systems. A multi-paradigm simulation model is presented to mimic all the heterogeneous components contained in the integrated system, as well as their complex interconnections, and to take the involved uncertainties and distributive characteristics into account. Then an optimization model is developed based on the presented simulation model under different scenarios, to minimize the comprehensive annualized expense, with consideration of all the operation and planning constraints of the integrated system. Finally, the proposed simulation-based optimization framework is applied to practical cases under different scenarios. Numerical results and comparison analysis reveal how the integration of RES generations and BSW systems benefit 5G BS in expense cutting and RES accommodating.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooperative Planning of Distributed Renewable Energy Assisted 5G Base Station With Battery Swapping System

Liu¹,

Bie

2021

IEEE Access

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“…PV cell is a simple P-N junction layer to produce potential barrier between the two layers. Photon from the light energy when absorbed by the charge carriers in PV cell, electrons starts flowing and giving rise to current flow [5][6]. PV generates DC kind of source and requires an inverter to feed load.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simplified PWM technique for PV fed Five-Level Five switch Multilevel Inverter

Algburi¹,

Rao²

2018

IJET

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Bulk electrical power generation is generated using fossil fuels which emit huge pollution which is a global constraint today. Non-conventional sources of energy are the alternative energy sources for power generation. Non-conventional sources like PV (photo-voltaic) system are used as power source now-a-days. Multi-level inverters (MLI) are dominating inverter circuits giving out voltage with less distortion eventually reducing voltage stress on switches and size of filter. This paper presents a MLI structure with five switches giving out five-level output from the inverter. PV system is used as source and boost converter amplifies the PV output voltage to desired value. The paper presents a simplified PWM (pulse width modulation) technique for PV fed five switch five-level inverter. The proposed system is developed and results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Results are presented for the system considering R-load and RL-load conditions.

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The optimal capacity expansion planning for the terminals of the logistics company

Li,

Alaküla

2024

Applied Energy

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Optimal battery size for a green base station in a smart grid with a renewable energy source

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

Cooperative Planning of Distributed Renewable Energy Assisted 5G Base Station With Battery Swapping System

Cooperative Planning of Distributed Renewable Energy Assisted 5G Base Station With Battery Swapping System

A simplified PWM technique for PV fed Five-Level Five switch Multilevel Inverter

The optimal capacity expansion planning for the terminals of the logistics company

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