“…This study, however, emphasizes the complexity of interactions between these variables, considering both Y and X concerning LCC, LCS, and N across different heat sources (CFB, GFB, ASHP) (Tables 1-3). By examining various thickness combinations, this research provides a deeper understanding of how these variables interact, providing a balance between thermal performance, cost-effectiveness, and environmental considerations [14,15]. The detailed examination of variation in insulation and structural layer thickness provides valuable insights into the optimal design of CIEW, emphasizing the relationship between these variables and life cycle costs, savings, and payback time.…”