“…These studies are focused on minimizing the annual investment cost, operation and maintenance, installation cost, power loss cost, interruption cost and maximizing the utility, reliability, safety, stability, consumption of renewable energy. Most of these studies use optimal power flow (OPF), genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and block coordinate decent (BCD) algorithms programmes [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71]. The constraints considered in these studies are based on conventional power system constraints, cost constraints, ESS constraints and renewable energy constraints.…”