Optically Controlled Reconfigurable NRI-TL Phase Shifter for 5G Antenna Applications

Reconfigurable inductorless negative‐refractive‐index transmission‐line metamaterial phase shifter for 5G antenna beam‐steering applications

“…The proposed design offers continuous control of the phase of the transmitted signal over a wide range of frequencies compared to several independent switching states shown in Ref. [7], [13–15, 19, 23]. Continuous control was demonstrated in Refs.…”

“…The capacitance of the diodes was altered by varying the biasing voltage, resulting in a continuous phase control of the transmitted signal. The design was implemented based on the concept of NRI-TL metamaterials [21], where a transmission line is periodically loaded with lumped elements to form a repeating number of unit cells [1]. A basic circuit diagram of a single NRI-TL unit cell in a π-configuration is shown in Figure 2, consisting of a series capacitor, C 0 , between two transmission lines and two shunt inductors, 2L 0 .…”

“…Several reconfigurable methods for the control of metamaterials include the use of ferrites in an antenna array system [9], graphene [10], mechanically variable metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors [11], microfluidic channels [12], and CMOS-based active inductors [7,13]. Recently, different designs of reconfigurable NRI-TL phase shifters have been proposed to achieve limited phase shifts using PIN diodes [8,14] and optical switches [15].…”

“…Varactor diodes are used to provide a reconfigurable phase of up to 190°when the bias voltage varies from 0 to 7V. The continuous tuning of the phase provides an advantage over other phase shifters offering discrete phase states [8,[14][15][16], thus enabling the proposed phase shifter to be used in 5G antenna array systems for accurate beam-steering applications. This has been demonstrated by integrating the NRI-TL phase shifter in a two-element antenna array to achieve a continuously steerable beam from −30°to þ30°.…”

A Novel of Metamaterial Ultra Compact Reconfigurable Phase Shifter Based on Dual Composite Right Left Handed Structure (D-CRLH)

“…R ecently, microstrip phase shifter becomes an essential point of the researches on electromagnetic field especially ultrawide band. Ultra-wideband is an essential point in the research of electromagnetic field because of its critical uses in many fields of various communication systems such as radar communications [1], wireless network applications [2], satellite communications [3], phased array antenna [4], military devices [5], medical uses as well as its intervention in many optical applications and many others [6]. The proposed phase shifter could be defined by a module of two ports that reposition the input signal phase to convey it with a new alternative adaptation in its angle in the phase of output signal while keeping a magnitude of signal amplitude constant without varying [7], as any change in the amplitude value is considered as a loss and named insertion loss of the device [8].…”