Optical windows as materials for high-speed shock wave detectors

Bhowmick, Mithun; Basset, Will P.; Матвеев, С А; Salvati, Lawrence; Dlott, Dana D.

doi:10.1063/1.5055676

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In this case, the mirror monitors the velocity at the explosive‐glass interface. The pressure in the glass can be determined from the known glass Hugoniot, via the Rankine‐Hugoniot relations, and the pressure in the explosive can be inferred, using the well‐known Hugoniot crossing method, provided we know or have measured the sample Hugoniot . Figure e shows a single crystal embedded in polymer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, the mirror monitors the velocity at the explosiveglass interface. The pressure in the glass can be determined from the known glass Hugoniot, via the Rankine-Hugoniot relations, and the pressure in the explosive can be inferred, using the well-known Hugoniot crossing method, provided we know or have measured the sample Hugoniot [26]. Although the fabrication techniques we have developed can be applied to a wide variety of crystal-binder systems, we primarily use Sylgard (a poly-dimethyl siloxane or PDMS) or hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB, which can be catalytically polymerized into a polyurethane) as binders.…”

Section: Versatile Sample Arrays For High-throughput Compression Expementioning

confidence: 99%

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Shock Initiation Microscopy with High Time and Space Resolution

Bassett

Johnson

Salvati

et al. 2020

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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We describe studies of shock initiation and shock‐to‐detonation transitions in energetic materials using a tabletop shock compression microscope with nanosecond time resolution and micrometer spatial resolution. Planar input shocks with durations of 4–20 ns are produced using 0–4.5 km/s laser‐launched flyer plates. Emphasis is on measurements of temperature, velocities, pressure, and microstructure using photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV), optical pyrometry and high‐speed videography. Techniques are discussed for fabricating disposable shock target arrays of tiny plastic‐bonded explosives (PBX), liquid and powder explosives, and single‐crystal explosives for high‐throughput studies. Optical temperature measurements of shocked triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) are discussed. Since TATB is yellow, we developed methods to correct for the blue absorption to obtain more accurate temperatures. Hot spots in shocked polymer‐encased HMX (octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine) crystals are observed in real‐time, showing a hot spot produced in a collapsing void that ignites a deflagration. Despite the small dimensions of our explosive charges (typically 1 mm diameter and 250 μm length), we produced reproducible detonation states in solid and liquid explosives using short‐duration shocks near the von Neumann spike (VNS) pressure. We show the VNS pressure is associated with a transition to high‐efficiency gas production from the explosives. In studies of NM, prior to detonation, we see reaction originating at hot spots which coalesce to form a superdetonation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Versatile Sample Arrays For High-throughput Compression Expementioning

confidence: 99%

Shock Initiation Microscopy with High Time and Space Resolution

Bassett

Johnson

Salvati

et al. 2020

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…The use of PDV is a well-established approach in study of shock compression and detonation wave profiles [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Herein, for experimental consistency and subsequent calculations, the particle-velocity profiles of the LA/LiF window interface at the heights chosen in the PVDF pressure tests were performed by using PDV, as depicted in Figure 3 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations on Detonation Growth of Lead Azide at Microscale

Zhang

Shen

et al. 2022

Micromachines

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Lead azide (LA) is a commonly used primary explosive, the detonation growth of which is difficult to study because it is so sensitive and usually has a small charge size in applications. We used photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) and calibrated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) gauges to reveal the detonation growth in LA, which was pressed in the confinements with controlled heights. The particle-velocity profiles, output pressure, unsteady detonation velocity, reaction time, and reaction-zone width were obtained and analyzed. Three phases of detonation propagation of LA microcharges are discussed. The volume reactions occur at the beginning of detonation in LA microcharges without forming complete shock profiles. Then the shock front is fast with a slow chemistry reaction zone, which is compressed continuously between the height of 0.8 mm and 2.5 mm. Finally, the steady detonation is built at a height of 2.5 mm. The stable detonation velocity and CJ pressure are 4726 ± 8 m/s and 17.12 ± 0.22 GPa. Additionally, the stable reaction zone time and width are 44 ± 7 ns and 148 ± 11 μm. The detailed detonation process has not previously been quantified in such a small geometry.

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“…We could measure shock waves transmitted through ZIF-8 layers by coating the glass substrate (Figure ) with a thin Au mirror. , As the shock emerged (“broke out”) from the ZIF-8, it caused the ZIF-8–mirror interface to move, and that movement was recorded by the PDV high-speed interferometer. The shock energy could then be computed, since the shock equation of state, the Hugoniot equation, is known for Pyrex glass .…”

Section: Shock Waves and Mofsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanochemistry of Metal–Organic Frameworks under Pressure and Shock

et al. 2020

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Metrics & MoreArticle Recommendations CONSPECTUS: Metal−organic framework solids (MOFs) are synthetic nanoporous materials that have drawn intense efforts in synthesis and characterization of chemical properties, most notably for their ability to adsorb liquids and gases. They are constructed as "node−spacer" nanostructured materials: metal centers (ions or clusters) connected by organic linkers (commonly containing carboxylate or imidazolate groups) to form crystalline, extended, often highly nanoporous structures. MOFs exhibit a variety of advantages over conventional porous materials: rationally designed synthesis of desired crystal structures and crystal engineering become feasible; great synthetic versatility and ease of incorporating different chemical functionalities are realized; and the use of lightweight organic linkers allows for ultrahigh surface area and porosity previously not accessible to conventional materials (i.e., zeolites and porous carbon). As a consequence, MOFs show great promise for a rapidly expanding collection of applications such as gas storage, separations, catalysis, sensing, and drug delivery.The mechanochemistry of MOFs and their response to shock waves, which we discuss in this Account, have been only partially explored. Mechanochemistry, the connection between the mechanical and the chemical worlds, has ancient origins. Rubbing sticks together to start a fire is mechanochemistry. Only in the past decade or so, however, has mechanochemistry gained a notable focus in the chemical community. In the following discussion, we present a general introduction to the complex mechanochemical behavior of MOFs both under quasi-static compression and under shock loading created by high-speed impact. During elastic deformation, MOFs undergo reversible structural or phase transitions. Plastic deformation of MOFs can result in mechanochemistry and can permanently modify the crystal structure, the pore dimensions and configuration, and the chemical bonding. The large energies required to induce bond rearrangement during plastic deformation suggest an interesting potential of MOFs for shock wave mitigation applications. MOFs are promising materials for shock energy dissipation because of the high density of nanopores which can absorb shock energy as they collapse. We have recently developed a platform to assess shock wave energy attenuation by MOFs and other powdered materials. It uses a tabletop laser-driven flyer plate to impact MOF samples at velocities of up to 2.0 km/s. The pressure of the shock waves that break out from the MOF sample can be measured by photon Doppler velocimetry. By measuring the shock profiles of MOF layers with different thicknesses, we can determine the shock pressure attenuation by the MOF layer. We have identified the two-wave structure of shocks in MOFs caused by nanopore collapse. Electron micrographs of recovered shocked MOFs show distinct zones in the shocked material corresponding to shock powder compaction, nanopore collapse, and chemical bond destruction.

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Optical windows as materials for high-speed shock wave detectors

Cited by 31 publications

References 31 publications

Shock Initiation Microscopy with High Time and Space Resolution

Shock Initiation Microscopy with High Time and Space Resolution

Observations on Detonation Growth of Lead Azide at Microscale

Mechanochemistry of Metal–Organic Frameworks under Pressure and Shock

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