Optical waveguiding in doped poly(methyl methacrylate)

Schriever, R.; Franke, H.; Festl, H. G.; Krätzig, E.

doi:10.1016/0032-3861(85)90321-0

Cited by 28 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The high processing costs and low solubility of ceramic waveguides have thus driven the development of polymeric composite waveguides comprising of infrared-emitting Er 3+ -doped nanoparticles that are dispersed in polymer matrices. [17][18][19][20][21][22] Transparent composites with low solids loading (<3 vol%) using surface modifi ed nanophosphors, and high solids loading (≈80 wt%) using costly polymers and processing methods have been reported elsewhere. [ 14 ] High optical transparency and homogeneous dispersion of brightly emitting inorganic nanoparticles at high loadings in polymer matrices are needed for fabrication of low-loss optically active nanocomposites.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[ 15,16 ] Among the various polymers, poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is commonly used for optical devices due to its excellent infrared transmissivity. [17][18][19][20][21][22] Transparent composites with low solids loading (<3 vol%) using surface modifi ed nanophosphors, and high solids loading (≈80 wt%) using costly polymers and processing methods have been reported elsewhere. [ 14 ] Decreasing both the primary and secondary (agglomeration) particle sizes drastically decrease scattering losses, which isThe integration of inorganic rare earth doped nanoparticles in polymer matrices to obtain transparent polymer composites has attracted much attention in optical applications as the polymer-based systems harness the benefi ts of both inorganic and polymer materials.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Synthesis and Interfacial Properties of Optically‐Active Photonic Nanocomposites with Single Nanoparticle Dispersion at High Solids Loading

Zhao

Sun

et al. 2016

Adv Materials Inter

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earth elements, trivalent erbium ions (Er 3+ ) are of great interest because their emission of ≈1530 nm falls within the low loss telecommunication window of 1300-1650 nm. [ 9 ] Er 3+ ions are typically incorporated within conventional ceramic optical waveguides using costly methods such as melt processing, molecular beam epitaxy, ion implantation, or laser deposition. [10][11][12][13] The low solubility and non-uniform distribution of Er 3+ in conventional ceramics and glasses pose an additional barrier toward fabricating low-loss monolithic ceramic waveguides. The high processing costs and low solubility of ceramic waveguides have thus driven the development of polymeric composite waveguides comprising of infrared-emitting Er 3+ -doped nanoparticles that are dispersed in polymer matrices. The inorganic nanoparticlepolymer system seeks to harness the advantages of both inorganic nanocrystals (low phonon energy and intense emissions) and polymer matrices (low cost, fl exibility, and excellent processability). [ 14 ] High optical transparency and homogeneous dispersion of brightly emitting inorganic nanoparticles at high loadings in polymer matrices are needed for fabrication of low-loss optically active nanocomposites. One of the methods of preparing transparent composites is to have an excellent dispersion of small particles (<<100 nm) at a high loading. It is also critical to synthesize brightly emitting rare earth doped nanocrystals that are well dispersed within the polymers. The emission effi ciency of the rare earth doped nanocrystals is governed by the host-dopant chemistries, and is infl uenced by various factors including energy transfer rates and energy cross-relaxation pathways. NaYF 4 is one of the most effi cient infrared-emitting host materials for Er 3+ due to its low phonon energy. [ 15,16 ] Among the various polymers, poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is commonly used for optical devices due to its excellent infrared transmissivity. [17][18][19][20][21][22] Transparent composites with low solids loading (<3 vol%) using surface modifi ed nanophosphors, and high solids loading (≈80 wt%) using costly polymers and processing methods have been reported elsewhere. [ 14 ] Decreasing both the primary and secondary (agglomeration) particle sizes drastically decrease scattering losses, which is The integration of inorganic rare earth doped nanoparticles in polymer matrices to obtain transparent polymer composites has attracted much attention in optical applications as the polymer-based systems harness the benefi ts of both inorganic and polymer materials. To obtain highly emissive nanocomposites, it is highly desirable to maximize the loading of nanoparticles in the polymer matrices while minimizing scattering losses. This work develops a nanocomposite with brightly infrared-emitting NaYF 4 :Yb,Er nanoparticles dispersed in hydrolyzed polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanegraft-poly (methyl methacrylate) (H-POSS-PMMA) matrix, which is prepared by spin coating. In this process, H-POSS-PMMA acts as both surfac...

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confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Interfacial Properties of Optically‐Active Photonic Nanocomposites with Single Nanoparticle Dispersion at High Solids Loading

Zhao

Sun

et al. 2016

Adv Materials Inter

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“…For the fabrication of polymer based optical waveguides conventional materials such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), polyurethane (PU) and epoxy resins are used, as these polymers fulfil most requirements for optical materials such as optical transparency, and chemical as well as thermal stability [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Novel optical polymers, among them deuterated and halogenated polyacrylates, fluorinated polyimides and polysiloxanes, provide lower absorption losses and higher stability.…”

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confidence: 99%

Two-photon patterning of optical waveguides in flexible polymers

et al. 2009

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Keywords: Two -photon induced polymerization, polymer based optical waveguides, polysiloxane matrix Over the last few years two-photon based photo-processes have become an important method to generate 3D microstructures in organic materials without the use of masks and molds. The present work deals with the fabrication of optical waveguides in a flexible polysiloxane matrix for data transmission on printed circuit boards (PCB). In the developed system the waveguide core is formed by two-photon induced photo polymerization (TPIP) of selected monomers, which are dissolved in a silicone matrix. Through the photo-induced polymerization an interpenetrating network is generated, resulting in a refractive index change between the illuminated waveguide cladding and the illuminated core material. Because of the optical transparency, flexibility, chemical and thermal stability polysiloxanes were chosen as optical matrix material. Different types of phenyl methacrylates with a high refractive index were used as monomers. In order to obtain a high contrast in refractive index, the monomers were removed from non-illuminated regions in a vacuum process after laser exposure. The written optical waveguides were evidenced by phase contrast microscopy, revealing an excellent structuring behaviour of the developed material. Optical techniques e.g. cut-back measurements and light extraction tests were applied to characterize the inscribed waveguide structures and to detect the resulting optical loss. To determine the refractive index change upon UV-irradiation spectroscopic ellipsometry was applied. Thus, a difference of Δn=0.02 between the non-illuminated cladding and the illuminated core material was detected. Further, prototypes of optical interconnects on PCBs were fabricated by inscription of a waveguide bundle between a mounted laser and photo diode, resulting in the desired increase of the transmitted photocurrent after TPA structuring. In conclusion, the obtained results demonstrate that fully flexible optical interconnects are accessible by the developed process.

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“…Polymer materials with controllable refractive index not only are important for optical recording materials1 but also can provide useful polymer-based materials for optical communication. 2 For these purposes, photochromic molecules have been incorporated into polymer matrices and the reversible changes in the refractive index of the material have been extensively investigated upon irradiation with light of appropriate wavelengths. Due to the pronounced effects of local structures of polymers on the reaction kinetics, there have been a number of works devoted to the understanding of the local inhomogeneity of bulk polymer matrix, especially in the region below the glass transition temperature.3 So far the change in refractive index of polymers doped with photochromic molecules resulting from irradiation with unpolarized light is an all-or-none transition phenomena.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polarization-selective photochromic reaction in uniaxially oriented polymer matrix

Cong¹,

Togoh²,

Miyake³

et al. 1992

Macromolecules

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Selectivity of the intramolecular photodimerization of a bichromophoric molecule, 9-(hydroxymethyl)-10-[(naphthylmethoxy)methyllanthracene (HNMA), in the glassy state of poly(methy1 methacrylate) (PMMA) was examined upon irradiation with linearly polarized light. Effects of temperature, dopant (HNMA) concentration, and uniaxial elongation of polymer matrix on the induction efficiency (Macromolecules 1990,23, 3002) of HNMA were investigated. It was found that upon increasing dopant concentration, the maximum induction efficiency shifts toward the lower temperature side. The same behavior was also observed as the elongational ratio of the PMMA matrix increases. Uniaxial elongation also results in an increase of 7. On the other hand, the induction efficiency grows exponentially with irradiation time and ia characterized by the growth rate K. The temperature dependence of K indicates that the polarization selectivity of HNMA in PMMA matrix is determined by both orientational relaxationand the conformational transitions of the molecule. Finally, the spatial distribution of reacted HNMA in PMMA induced by polarized light was found to be quite stable. In PMMA, 7 is reduced to half of its initial value after 10 months at room temperature.

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Optical waveguiding in doped poly(methyl methacrylate)

Cited by 28 publications

References 5 publications

Synthesis and Interfacial Properties of Optically‐Active Photonic Nanocomposites with Single Nanoparticle Dispersion at High Solids Loading

Synthesis and Interfacial Properties of Optically‐Active Photonic Nanocomposites with Single Nanoparticle Dispersion at High Solids Loading

Two-photon patterning of optical waveguides in flexible polymers

Polarization-selective photochromic reaction in uniaxially oriented polymer matrix

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