Optical vortex phase determination for nanoscale imaging

Generation of composite vortex beams by independent Spatial Light Modulator pixel addressing

“…These combinations of various vortex beams are usually produced just by the superposition of two separated beams. Several papers are referring to this method [27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Some of them require very stable conditions, i.e.…”

Deep-learning-based high-resolution recognition of rotating interference images in vortex beam interferometry

“…The recognition resolution for the 2D and 3D shape of optically transparent and reflecting surfaces could reach up to 5 nm with a wavelength of 632.8 nm. [9][10][11] Subsequently, an extensive research showed that PSI could be employed to estimate the refractive index from the rotation angle of the reconstructed vortex phase. 12 Meanwhile, Xu proposed and experimentally demonstrated vortex interferometry could be used for reliable characterization of phase properties introduced by meta-structures.…”

Generation of various vortex beams based on transformation materials

“…In recent years, vortex beams have been studied in detail [1][2][3][4] due to their interesting properties and have been widely used in many fields in various applications from optical manipulation to telecommunications and optical signal processing [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Generally, vortex beams include two basic types, namely polarized and phase vortex beams [3].…”