Optical transmission properties and enhanced loss for randomly positioned apertures in a metal film

Hughes, M.C.; Gordon, Reuven

doi:10.1007/s00340-007-2602-1

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Note that this is in contrast to a "fully random" arrangement. 28 We emphasize that the packing density is well above the threshold for when shortrange ordering becomes important 12 and thus the resulting nanohole arrays can be expected to behave similarly to longrange ordered ones. 29 Oxygen plasma was used to reduce the size of the adsorbed colloids.…”

Section: Nanofabricationmentioning

confidence: 92%

Biosensing using plasmonic nanohole arrays with small, homogenous and tunable aperture diameters

Xiong

Emilsson

Dahlin

2016

Analyst

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Plasmonic nanohole arrays are widely used for optical label-free molecular detection. An important factor for many applications is the diameter of the apertures. So far nanohole arrays with controllable diameters below 100 nm have not been demonstrated and it has not been systematically investigated how the diameter influences the optical properties. In this work we fine-tune the diameter in short range ordered nanohole arrays down to 50 nm. The experimental far field spectra show how the wavelength of maximum extinction remains unaffected while the transmission maximum blue shifts with smaller diameters. The near field is visualized by numerical simulations, showing a homogenous enhancement throughout the cylindrical void at the transmission maximum for diameters between 50 and 100 nm. For diameters below 50 nm plasmon excitation is no longer possible experimentally or by simulations. Further, we investigate the refractive index sensing capabilities of the smaller holes. As the diameter was reduced, the sensitivity in terms of resonance shift with bulk liquid refractive index was found to be unaltered. However, for the transmission maximum the sensitivity becomes more strongly localized to the hole interior. By directing molecular binding to the bottom of the holes we demonstrate how smaller holes enhance the sensitivity in terms of signal per molecule. A real-time detection limit well below one protein per nanohole is demonstrated. The smaller plasmonic nanoholes should be suitable for studies of molecules confined in small volumes and as mimics of biological nanopores.

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Section: Nanofabricationmentioning

confidence: 92%

Biosensing using plasmonic nanohole arrays with small, homogenous and tunable aperture diameters

Xiong

Emilsson

Dahlin

2016

Analyst

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“…The phase-of-reflection can be quite large for small holes and this is enough to allow a resonance in thin films and close to the cutoff, where there is no phase-of-propagation [67]. This effect has been described theoretically for a single rectangular hole in a perfect metal [67], and in a real metal [72,73], and for random arrays of rectangular holes in real metals [74] and perfect electric conductors [75].…”

Section: Film Thicknessmentioning

confidence: 97%

Resonant optical transmission through hole‐arrays in metal films: physics and applications

Gordon¹,

Brolo

Sinton

et al. 2010

Laser & Photonics Reviews

Self Cite

162

104

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Extraordinary optical transmission through an array of holes in a metal film was reported by Ebbesen and coworkers in 1998. Since that work there has been abundant research activity aimed at understanding the physics and at the development of the many applications associated with this phenomenon, hence the topic of this review. The study of hole-arrays in a metal is not new -theoretical contributions on a small-hole array date back to Lord Rayleigh's description of Wood's anomaly in 1907 and there has been considerable research on metal meshes and holearrays since 1962. Bethe's theory, adapted to treat hole-arrays, is the simplest theoretical description of the transmission resonance. Following a description of this basic theory, we present the research on the additional effects from variations in real metal properties at different wavelengths, film thickness, holeshape and lattice configuration. The many promising applications being developed using hole-arrays are examined, including polarization control, filtering, switching, nonlinear optics, surface plasmon resonance sensing, surface-enhanced fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, absorption spectroscopy, and quantum interactions. Finally, the various approaches, developments in hole-array fabrication, and integration of hole-arrays into devices are described. (top left) Schematic of resonant transmission through nanohole array using scanning electron microscope image of as-fabricated sample. (top right) Microfluidic chip incorporating nanohole arrays. (bottom) Composite image of array of nanohole arrays used as sensors in a immunoassay-like microfluidic device, showing (left to right) schematic of microfluidic layout, microscope image of arrays in microfluidic channels, and laser transmission modified by adsorbed molecules.

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“…Affordable computing power and the development of algorithms to make use of this technology has lead to a large increase in research activity in the area of nanostructured metals for light-based devices. Some of the key advances have included making use of parallelization schemes [92,93] and developing new algorithms to efficiently handle metal dispersion and boundaries [94,95]. Many algorithms that accurately handle metal nanostructures are available in commercial packages, allowing researchers to investigate different geometries prior to experimentation, or to validate theoretical approaches.…”

Section: Computational Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructured metals for light-based technologies

Gordon

2019

Nanotechnology

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The basic theoretical understanding of light interacting with nanostructured metals that has existed since the early 1900s has become more relevant in the last two decades, largely because of new approaches to structure metals down to the nanometer scale or smaller. Here, a broad overview of the concepts and applications of nanostructuring metals for light-based technologies is given. The theory of the response of metals to an applied oscillating field is given, including a discussion of nonlocal, nonlinear and quantum effects. Using this metal response, the guiding of electromagnetic (light) waves using metals is given, with a particular emphasis on the impact of nanostructured metals for tighter confinement and slower propagation. Similarly, the influence of metal nanostructures on light scattering by isolated metal structures, like nanoparticles and nanoantennas, is described, with basic results presented including plasmonic/circuit resonances, the single channel limit, directivity enhancement, the maximum power transfer theorem, limits on the magnetic response from kinetic inductance and the scaling of gap plasmons to the nanometer scale and smaller. A brief overview of nanofabrication approaches to creating metal nanostructures is given. Finally, existing and emerging light-based applications are presented, including those for sensing, spectroscopy (including local refractive index, Raman, IR absorption), detection (including Schottky detectors), switching (including terahertz photoconductive antennas), modulation, energy harvesting and photocatalysis, light emission (including lasers and tunneling based light emission), optical tweezing, nonlinear optics, subwavelength imaging and lithography and high density data storage.

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Optical transmission properties and enhanced loss for randomly positioned apertures in a metal film

Cited by 7 publications

References 27 publications

Biosensing using plasmonic nanohole arrays with small, homogenous and tunable aperture diameters

Biosensing using plasmonic nanohole arrays with small, homogenous and tunable aperture diameters

Resonant optical transmission through hole‐arrays in metal films: physics and applications

Nanostructured metals for light-based technologies

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