Optical studies of the influence of an intense ion beam on high-pressure gas targets

Development of additive [ 11 C]CO 2 target system in the KOTRON-13 cyclotron and its application for [ 11 C]radiopharmaceutical production

“…The target chamber was designed with a conical shape to reproduce the proton-beam shape in the gas target [10] and minimize the collisions of protons with the internal target walls which could damage it and reduce the amount of carbon-11 obtained. The internal length of the target chamber was set to 221 mm to guarantee the complete energy deposition in the irradiated material, and the internal volume was $143 mL, as determined by the Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) simulation program.…”

The Gas Target Technique for Radionuclide Production with small Accelerators

“…The gas can not escape in this case; the beam penetration is cut down. Therefore the beam geometry (shape and volume) within a target chamber was investigated in dependence on beam current [14,18]. The authors exploited the plasma-like ionization-and recombination effects within the beam strike, and the emitted light was utilized to make photometric investigations using targets with transparent side walls [18,19].…”

“…The need of large scale production of positron emitting radionuclides for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with particle accelerators, especially with cyclotrons, could be satisfied only by the development of the gas target technique. It was developed mainly for manufacturing " C , 18 F, I 5 O, and 13 N. Nowadays it is also used for 123 I and 81 Rb/ 81m Kr production by means of the 124 Xe(p,2n) [2] and 82 Kr(p,2n) [3,4] processes.…”

Modelos análiticos para o desenvolvimento de alvos metálicos de alta performance irradiados nos ciclotrons Cyclone 30 e Cyclone 18 do IPEN-CNEN/SP

“…foram medidas e publicadas em diversos trabalhos 38,45 . Sob condições normais de produção, a temperatura da água atingiu o ponto de ebulição e permaneceu neste ponto durante toda a irradiação.…”

“…A figura 4.14 mostra como as correntes de convecção podem ser criadas em um alvo gasoso e estático durante a irradiação 45 . Se o gás está fluindo através do alvo, a situação é alterada para o caso de uma convecção forçada, e as equações apropriadas para este tipo de transporte de calor devem ser usadas.…”