Optical Stimulation of Neurons

Rajguru, Suhrud M.; Matic, Agnella Izzo; Richter, Claus-Peter

doi:10.1002/9783527632053.ch6

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The techniques require that the target tissue is sensitized by light. This can be achieved in several ways: by introducing and expressing the genes for light‐sensitive ion channels into the cells (also known as optogenetics), by directly introducing chemicals such as caged neurotransmitters to the cells, or by utilizing the endogenous sensitivity of cells to light (Callaway and Yuste, 2002; Hirase et al, 2002; Boyden et al, 2005; Wells et al, 2005; Izzo et al, 2006; Rajguru et al, 2010a). Pulsed infrared radiation (IR) can excite tissues without any pretreatment.…”

Section: Ongoing Research and The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is possible that the progressive degeneration of auditory neurons over time may compromise the function of CIs (Hardie and Shepherd, 1999). In addition, the future advances in CI technology such as spatially restricted stimulation with infrared stimulation of spiral ganglion neurons (Rajguru et al, 2010a), placement of intraneural electrode arrays (Middlebrooks and Synder, 2008), and the development of advanced stimulation strategies, can further benefit from efforts at replacing degenerated spiral ganglion neurons. Several researchers have investigated the ability of stem cells to replace damaged hair cells after injection of these stem cells into the damaged cochlea of animals (Parker, 2011).…”

Section: Ongoing Research and The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Cochlear Implant: Historical Aspects and Future Prospects

Eshraghi

Nazarian

Telischi

et al. 2012

The Anatomical Record

236

106

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The cochlear implant (CI) is the first effective treatment for deafness and severe losses in hearing. As such, the CI is now widely regarded as one of the great advances in modern medicine. This paper reviews the key events and discoveries that led up to the current CI systems, and we review and present some among the many possibilities for further improvements in device design and performance. The past achievements include: (1) development of reliable devices that can be used over the lifetime of a patient; (2) development of arrays of implanted electrodes that can stimulate more than one site in the cochlea; and (3) progressive and large improvements in sound processing strategies for CIs. In addition, cooperation between research organizations and companies greatly accelerated the widespread availability and use of safe and effective devices. Possibilities for the future include: (1) use of otoprotective drugs; (2) further improvements in electrode designs and placements; (3) further improvements in sound processing strategies; (4) use of stem cells to replace lost sensory hair cells and neural structures in the cochlea; (5) gene therapy; (6) further reductions in the trauma caused by insertions of electrodes and other manipulations during implant surgeries; and (7) optical rather electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. Each of these possibilities is the subject of active research. Although great progress has been made to date in the development of the CI, including the first substantial restoration of a human sense, much more progress seems likely and certainly would not be a surprise.

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Section: Ongoing Research and The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ongoing Research and The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

The Cochlear Implant: Historical Aspects and Future Prospects

Eshraghi

Nazarian

Telischi

et al. 2012

The Anatomical Record

236

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The infrared laser has been shown to modulate action potentials, having either a stimulatory or an inhibitory effect, depending on the stimulation protocol. However, infrared laser light risks overheating the tissue if the stimulation protocols are not optimized, and the depth of stimulation can be limited due to light absorption and scattering by surrounding tissue . To overcome these limitations, cells can be cultured on an underlying, photoactive substrate such that irradiation with visible or infrared light, while not activating the cells directly, generates electrical charge carriers or localized heating in the substrate that provide an electrical or thermal cell stimulus, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoactive Organic Substrates for Cell Stimulation: Progress and Perspectives

Hopkins

Travaglini

Lauto

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Technologies

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Modulating the cell membrane potential provides an opportunity to control electrical signaling that is central to cellular physiology and its proper biological function. Among the many technological tools available to enable this modulation, optical stimulation through a photoactive substrate is a powerful strategy that is minimally invasive and wireless. This is critical to avoid disrupting the structural integrity of the cell membrane that is often caused by the use of electrical stimulation electrodes or changing its genetic footprints if optogenetics is the approach taken to photomodulate its electrophysiology. The use of a photoactive substrate such as an organic semiconductor combines optoelectronic properties with mechanical tissue compatibility, which is unachievable with inorganic semiconductors. This research news first discusses the mechanisms of cell photostimulation via these organic photoactive substrates and techniques employed to characterize their photoresponse. Then a summary of the relevant organic materials and their recent applications in cellular photostimulation is presented. Finally, the challenges in the field are described and a perspective on how to address these is provided.

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Optical Stimulation of Neurons

Cited by 2 publications

References 62 publications

The Cochlear Implant: Historical Aspects and Future Prospects

The Cochlear Implant: Historical Aspects and Future Prospects

Photoactive Organic Substrates for Cell Stimulation: Progress and Perspectives

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