Optical Spectroscopy of Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes of Defined Chiral Structure

Sfeir, Matthew Y.; Beetz, T.; Wang, Feng; Huang, Limin; Huang, Xiaoping; Huang, Mingyuan; Hone, James; O’Brien, Stephen; Misewich, James A.; Heinz, Tony F.; Wu, Lijun; Zhu, Yimei; Brus, L. E.

doi:10.1126/science.1124602

Cited by 231 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…[56,59] Charge-transfer or environmentally induced doping progressively red-shifts and quenches the photoluminescence of sem-SWNTs. [80] Rayleigh scattering, [81] transmission electron microscopy, and electron diffraction [82][83][84] have been also used for (n, m)-characterization of individualized SWNTs, suspended over a trench to remove interference from the substrate. Scanning-probe microscopy has played a key role for determining CNT length, diameter of nanotube bundles, and features of aggregate organization along with CNT association with biological and nanostructured materials.…”

Section: Cnt Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotubes for Electronic and Electrochemical Detection of Biomolecules

2007

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The unique electronic and optical properties of carbon nanotubes, in conjunction with their size and mechanically robust nature, make these nanomaterials crucial to the development of next-generation biosensing platforms. In this Review, we present recent innovations in carbon nanotube-assisted biosensing technologies, such as DNA-hybridization, protein-binding, antibody-antigen and aptamers. Following a brief introduction on the diameter-and chirality-derived electronic characteristics of single-walled carbon nanotubes, the discussion is focused on the two major schemes for electronic biodetection, namely biotransistor-and electrochemistry-based sensors. Key fabrication methodologies are contrasted in light of device operation and performance, along with strategies for amplifying the signal while minimizing nonspecific binding. This Review is concluded with a perspective on future optimization based on array integration as well as exercising a better control in nanotube structure and biomolecular integration.

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Section: Cnt Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotubes for Electronic and Electrochemical Detection of Biomolecules

2007

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“…Rayleigh scattering has been used to confirm the family behavior of optical transitions in semiconducting SWNTs as well as predictions for the splitting of optical transitions in metallic SWNTs that arise from trigonal warping. 108 On the other hand, inelastic light scattering involves an exchange of energy between the incoming photon and the molecule. Thus, Raman spectroscopy is a simple and sensitive probe of electron-phonon coupling that provides a wealth of information about the diameter, orientation, and metallic or semiconducting identity of a carbon nanotube.…”

Section: Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Photophysics of Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

2008

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Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are cylindrical graphitic molecules that have remained at the forefront of nanomaterials research since 1991, largely due to their exceptional and unusual mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. The motivation for understanding how nanotubes interact with light (i.e., SWNT photophysics) is both fundamental and applied. Individual nanotubes may someday be used as superior near-infrared fluorophores, biological tags and sensors, and components for ultrahigh-speed optical communications systems. Establishing an understanding of basic nanotube photophysics is intrinsically significant and should enable the rapid development of such innovations. Unlike conventional molecules, carbon nanotubes are synthesized as heterogeneous samples, composed of molecules with different diameters, chiralities, and lengths. Because a nanotube can be either metallic or semiconducting depending on its particular molecular structure, SWNT samples are also mixtures of conductors and semiconductors. Early progress in understanding the optical characteristics of SWNTs was limited because nanotubes aggregate when synthesized, causing a mixing of the energy states of different nanotube structures. Recently, significant improvements in sample preparation have made it possible to isolate individual nanotubes, enabling many advances in characterizing their optical properties. In this Account, single-molecule confocal microscopy and spectroscopy were implemented to study the fluorescence from individual nanotubes. Single-molecule measurements naturally circumvent the difficulties associated with SWNT sample inhomogeneities. Intrinsic SWNT photoluminescence has a simple narrow Lorentzian line shape and a polarization dependence, as expected for a one-dimensional system. Although the local environment heavily influences the optical transition wavelength and intensity, single nanotubes are exceptionally photostable. In fact, they have the unique characteristic that their single molecule fluorescence intensity remains constant over time; SWNTs do not “blink” or photobleach under ambient conditions. In addition, transient absorption spectroscopy was used to examine the relaxation dynamics of photoexcited nanotubes and to elucidate the nature of the SWNT excited state. For metallic SWNTs, very fast initial recovery times (300–500 fs) corresponded to excited-state relaxation. For semiconducting SWNTs, an additional slower decay component was observed (50–100 ps) that corresponded to electron–hole recombination. As the excitation intensity was increased, multiple electron–hole pairs were generated in the SWNT; however, these e−h pairs annihilated each other completely in under 3 ps. Studying the dynamics of this annihilation process revealed the lifetimes for one, two, and three e−h pairs, which further confirmed that the photoexcitation of SWNTs produces not free electrons but rather one-dimensional bound electron–hole pairs (i.e., excitons). In summary, nanotube photophysics is a rapidly developing area o...

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“…Due to the symmetry of the graphene band structure with respect to the Fermi level, this description leads to a set of symmetrical quasi-hyperbolic 1D sub-bands in the valence and conduction bands. Important corrections to this picture appear when taking into account the warping of the graphene bands due to the trigonal symmetry [5]. Each subband is fourfold degenerate (two times for the K, K 0 valley degeneracy and two times for the spin).…”

Section: The Zone-folding Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the latter, each electronic resonance leads to enhanced Rayleigh scattering intensity that scales like jxðvÞj 2 , where x(v) stands for the dielectric susceptibility. From previous studies [5] combining Rayleigh and Raman spectroscopies together with TEM diffraction measurements, it is possible to assign each Rayleigh spectrum to a specific chiral species. The diameter of the nanotube and its type (semi-conducting or metallic) are further confirmed in Raman spectroscopy by the RBM frequency and the bi-modal shape of the G-mode, respectively (see inset of Fig.…”

Section: Rayleigh Scattering Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Excitonic signatures in the optical response of single‐wall carbon nanotubes

Voisin¹,

Berger²,

Berciaud³

et al. 2012

Physica Status Solidi (b)

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The optical properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are dominated by the excitonic character of the transitions even at room temperature. The very peculiar properties of these excitons arise from both the one-dimensional (1D) nature of carbon nanotubes and from the electronic properties of graphene from which nanotubes are made. We first propose a brief qualitative review of the structure of the excitonic manifold and emphasize the role of dark states. We describe recent experimental investigations of this excitonic structure by means of temperature dependent PL measurements. We investigate the case of upper sub-bands and show that high-order optical transitions remain excitonic for large diameter nanotubes. A careful investigation of Rayleigh scattering spectra at the single nanotube level reveals clear exciton-phonon side-bands and Lorentzian line profiles for all semi-conducting nanotubes. In contrast, metallic nanotubes show an ambivalent behavior which is related to the reduced excitonic binding energy.Schematic of the exciton manifold in single-wall carbon nanotubes.

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Optical Spectroscopy of Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes of Defined Chiral Structure

Cited by 231 publications

References 33 publications

Carbon Nanotubes for Electronic and Electrochemical Detection of Biomolecules

Carbon Nanotubes for Electronic and Electrochemical Detection of Biomolecules

Photophysics of Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Excitonic signatures in the optical response of single‐wall carbon nanotubes

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