Optical solitons of the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation in Kerr media

Soliton: A dispersion-less solution with existence and its types

“…Information is sent through the optical fiber in the form of packets as solitons. Since solitons travel at a speed equal to that of light, they provide high-speed connectivity and a high-bandwidth network [ 44 ]. This property feature of optical solitons makes them useful for high-speed communication over an optical fiber [ 45 ].…”

“…It is also helpful in problem of optical pulse propagation in asymmetric, twin core optical fibers etc. Optical solitons, which are one of the most important solutions of nonlinear Schrodinger equation, are used in optical fiber communication [ 44 , 48 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 ].…”

Dispersive optical soliton solutions in birefringent fibers with stochastic Kaup–Newell equation having multiplicative white noise

“…The results are exhibited after a comprehensive analysis of the mathematical procedures that are detailed in the rest of the paper. Finally, there are many methods to discuss solutions to partial differential equations (PDEs), which have many applications in physics [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36].…”

“…These soliton molecules form the information transporter across intercontinental distances around the world. Lastly, the nonlinear Schrödinger's equation (NLSE) has been discussed with help of many models [1–32, 33–36]. The aspect of stochastically is one of the features that is less touched, and there are a few papers that have discussed this aspect [3–9].…”

Solitons and other nonlinear waves for stochastic Schrödinger‐Hirota model using improved modified extended tanh‐function approach

“…However, finding exact solutions to PDEs is generally more challenging than for ordinary differential equations due to the complexity of the equations and the increased number of variables involved. Analytical methods for PDEs include Lie symmetry method [9][10][11], reduction method [12,13], invariant subspace method [14][15][16], and Kudryashov method [17][18][19]. These methods involve advanced mathematical techniques and are essential in understanding various physical and natural phenomena, including fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and electromagnetic fields.…”