“…1(a) was found to be d 1 ~ 0.25 nm and d 2 ~ 0.16 nm. These ‘d’ spacing neither agree with that of standard β-tin 15 and SnO 2 samples 14 , nor with the ‘d’ spacing obtained from the target obtained using X-Ray diffraction pattern. This suggests structural phase transformation during the synthesis process.…”
Section: Resultscontrasting
confidence: 70%
“…Even though several studies are available on understanding these complex ablation process at different time scales 11 undergoing phase transformations 12 and producing different morphologies 13 , exact reaction process is still not understood and requires further investigations. This process is different from the oxide nano-particle formation using nano-second lasers in which no change of lattice is observed 14 . The laser was tuned at 800 nm focused using a double convex lens with focal length of 20 cm.…”
Stanene is one of most important of 2D materials due to its potential to demonstrate room temperature topological effects due to opening of spin-orbit gap. In this pursuit we report synthesis and investigation of optical properties of stanene up to few layers, a two-dimensional hexagonal structural analogue of graphene. Atomic scale morphological and elemental characterization using HRTEM equipped with SAED and EDAX detectors confirm the presence of hexagonal lattice of Sn atoms. The position of Raman peak along with the inter-planar ‘d’ spacing obtained from SAED for prepared samples are in good agreement with that obtained from first principles calculations and confirm that the sheets are not (111) α-Sn sheets. Further, the optical signature calculated using density functional theory at ~191 nm and ~233 nm for low buckled stanene are in qualitative agreement with the measured UV-Vis absorption spectrum. AFM measurements suggest interlayer spacing of ~0.33 nm in good agreement with that reported for epitaxial stanene sheets. No traces of oxygen were observed in the EDAX spectrum suggesting the absence of any oxidized phases. This is also confirmed by Raman measurements by comparing with oxidized stanene sheets.
“…1(a) was found to be d 1 ~ 0.25 nm and d 2 ~ 0.16 nm. These ‘d’ spacing neither agree with that of standard β-tin 15 and SnO 2 samples 14 , nor with the ‘d’ spacing obtained from the target obtained using X-Ray diffraction pattern. This suggests structural phase transformation during the synthesis process.…”
Section: Resultscontrasting
confidence: 70%
“…Even though several studies are available on understanding these complex ablation process at different time scales 11 undergoing phase transformations 12 and producing different morphologies 13 , exact reaction process is still not understood and requires further investigations. This process is different from the oxide nano-particle formation using nano-second lasers in which no change of lattice is observed 14 . The laser was tuned at 800 nm focused using a double convex lens with focal length of 20 cm.…”
Stanene is one of most important of 2D materials due to its potential to demonstrate room temperature topological effects due to opening of spin-orbit gap. In this pursuit we report synthesis and investigation of optical properties of stanene up to few layers, a two-dimensional hexagonal structural analogue of graphene. Atomic scale morphological and elemental characterization using HRTEM equipped with SAED and EDAX detectors confirm the presence of hexagonal lattice of Sn atoms. The position of Raman peak along with the inter-planar ‘d’ spacing obtained from SAED for prepared samples are in good agreement with that obtained from first principles calculations and confirm that the sheets are not (111) α-Sn sheets. Further, the optical signature calculated using density functional theory at ~191 nm and ~233 nm for low buckled stanene are in qualitative agreement with the measured UV-Vis absorption spectrum. AFM measurements suggest interlayer spacing of ~0.33 nm in good agreement with that reported for epitaxial stanene sheets. No traces of oxygen were observed in the EDAX spectrum suggesting the absence of any oxidized phases. This is also confirmed by Raman measurements by comparing with oxidized stanene sheets.
“…In our opinion, this peak may be caused by other defects or oxygen vacancies, and detailed studies of the origin of these peaks will be carried out in the future. The red emission band of the SnO 2 nanostructures was reported in literature [3,14,15]. Therefore, these SnO 2 /SnO nanostructures could be applied in luminescent devices [6,[12][13][14].…”
“…SnO 2 NPs can also be synthesized by physical techniques such as spray pyrolysis, thermal oxidation, chemical vapor deposition, laser ablation, and ultrasonication [ 40 – 44 ]. Among these methods, laser ablation is considered a cost-effective and simple method for synthesizing metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in liquid [ 44 , 45 ].…”
Section: Green Synthesis Of Tin Oxide Nanoparticlesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…SnO 2 NPs can also be synthesized by physical techniques such as spray pyrolysis, thermal oxidation, chemical vapor deposition, laser ablation, and ultrasonication [ 40 – 44 ]. Among these methods, laser ablation is considered a cost-effective and simple method for synthesizing metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in liquid [ 44 , 45 ]. In contrast to the other conventional methods, this method does not require capping/reducing agents, high temperature, or high pressure, and allows us to produce nanoparticles of high purity [ 44 , 45 ].…”
Section: Green Synthesis Of Tin Oxide Nanoparticlesmentioning
Nanotechnology has become the most promising area of research with its momentous application in all fields of science. In recent years, tin oxide has received tremendous attention due to its fascinating properties, which have been improved with the synthesis of this material in the nanometer range. Numerous physical and chemical methods are being used these days to produce tin oxide nanoparticles. However, these methods are expensive, require high energy, and also utilize various toxic chemicals during the synthesis. The increased concerns related to human health and environmental impact have led to the development of a cost-effective and environmentally benign process for its production. Recently, tin oxide nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by green methods using different biological entities such as plant extract, bacteria, and natural biomolecules. However, industrial-scale production using green synthesis approaches remains a challenge due to the complexity of the biological substrates that poses a difficulty to the elucidations of the reactions and mechanism of formations that occur during the synthesis. Hence, the present review summarizes the different sources of biological entities and methodologies used for the green synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles and the impact on their properties. This work also describes the advances in the understanding of the mechanism of formation reported in the literature and the different analytical techniques used for characterizing these nanoparticles.
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