Optical properties of sea water in the infrared*

Temperature and salinity dependence of sea surface emissivity in the thermal infrared

“…The most widely adopted salinity correction applied to pure-water refractive indices is that due to Friedman (1969). A subsequent study by Pinkley and Williams (1976) found general agreement with Friedman's values but did not tabulate their results. In order to examine the work of Pinkley and Williams, refractive index corrections have been transcribed from figures contained in their paper.…”

“…In Fig. 9 we compare the emissivity difference (measured saline minus pure-water emissivity) over four temperatures against the difference that results from using the correction schemes of Friedman (1969) and Pinkley and Williams (1976). Fresnel calculations have been performed for a 50 • view angle using the refractive index of Downing and Williams (1975) to derive the model difference, though the choice of index does not significantly affect the results.…”

A principal component based version of the RTTOV fast radiative transfer model

“…This choice corresponds to a total number of 5195 observations. To compute the spectral emissivities used in the LBL computations we have modified the model of Masuda et al (1988) by including the effect of surface reflected emission using the methodology described in Wu and Smith (1995) and applying the salinity correction by Pinkley and Williams (1976).…”

<title>Influence of transparency of the surface 1-metre-depth layer of the ocean on heat and mass exchange between ocean and atmosphere</title>

“…The data on the spectral absorption of distilled water [4] taking into account the influence of salts dissolved in it and temperature changes on sea water are used for calculations [5,6], (Fig.2) . The obtained results which are shown in Fig.3 demonstrate, that the reduction of solar radiation, (or, to be more exact, of its infrared part) at the depth of 1 cm is 100-150 W/m2, and at the depth of 1 m -300-400 W/m2, which is comparable in value with the total heat flow from the ocean to the atmosphere.…”

“…Comparative dependencies are given for standart sea water (SSW) and for sea water with doubled concentration of saults (SSW-2) in the reference to distilled water (W)[5]. Comparative dependencies are given for standart sea water (SSW) and for sea water with doubled concentration of saults (SSW-2) in the reference to distilled water (W)[5].…”