Optical properties of photoresists for femtosecond 3D printing: refractive index, extinction, luminescence-dose dependence, aging, heat treatment and comparison between 1-photon and 2-photon exposure

Schmid, M.; Ludescher, Dominik; Gießen, Harald

doi:10.1364/ome.9.004564

Cited by 132 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…For comparison, a pure silica fiber with the same PCF geometry (ESM 12B, Thorlabs) has an attenuation of about 8 dB/km. The propagation losses of the 3D printed PCF segment closely match the extinction coefficient for the bulk polymerized photoresists that are 0.43 dB/mm at 1070 nm and 0.78 dB/mm at 1550 nm [24], which is then the dominant loss contribution (see also Section 3 and Supplement 1, Section S2). For the 3D printed waveguide with a PBG hollow-core PCF design presented in Fig.…”

Section: A 3d Printing Of Different Classes Of Photonic Crystal Fibementioning

confidence: 58%

“…Such wireframe structuring is not currently achievable with traditional drawing-based methods. The current propagation losses for 3D printed solid-core PCF-like waveguides are relatively high, and are contributed mainly by the extinction coefficient of the polymerized photoresist [24], which is significantly higher than that of standard fiber optic materials such as fused silica. We expect that future improvement in multiphoton polymerizable materials will lead to more favorable propagation losses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, we fabricated an array of different PBS structures on a glass coverslip, where each structure had a different value for the selected geometrical parameter. We generated the initial guess for the dual-core PCF geometry from modal analysis of a geometry very similar to the one presented in [27], while accounting for the refractive index of the used photopolymer (1.532 at 1550 nm, see Appendix A and [24]). The structures in each array were individually coupled with a focused free-space beam, and their output sections were imaged onto an InGaAs infrared camera to extract; for each polarization, the ratio between the powers was carried by the two cores (see Appendix A).…”

Section: B Design and Fabrication Of An All-fiber Integrated Pcf Polmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D printed waveguides based on photonic crystal fiber designs for complex fiber-end photonic devices

Bertoncini¹,

Liberale²

2020

Optica

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Optical waveguide segments based on geometrically unbound photonic crystal fiber (PCF) designs could be exploited as building blocks to realize miniaturized complex devices that implement advanced photonic operations. Here, we show how to fabricate optical waveguide segments with PCF designs by direct high-resolution 3D printing and how the combination of these segments can realize complex photonic devices. We demonstrate the unprecedented precision and flexibility of our method by fabricating the first-ever fiber polarizing beam splitter based on PCFs. The device was directly printed in one step on the end-face of a standard single-mode fiber and was 210 µm long, offering broadband operation in the optical telecommunications C-band. Our approach harnesses the potential of high-resolution 3D printing and of PCF designs paving the way for the development of novel miniaturized complex photonic systems, which will positively impact and advance optical telecommunications, sensor technology, and biomedical devices.

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Section: A 3d Printing Of Different Classes Of Photonic Crystal Fibementioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Design and Fabrication Of An All-fiber Integrated Pcf Polmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

3D printed waveguides based on photonic crystal fiber designs for complex fiber-end photonic devices

Bertoncini¹,

Liberale²

2020

Optica

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“…The surfaces were not polished or treated after printing, as the two-photon polymerization was found to give optical quality surfaces without additional post-processing 30 , 51 . The optical loss of the 3D printed material (loss per unit length and extinction coefficient) has been characterized previously 28 , 52 . After fabrication, the optics and fiber are enclosed within a plastic catheter sheath, which minimizes any mechanical forces on the optics, especially during imaging.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrathin monolithic 3D printed optical coherence tomography endoscopy for preclinical and clinical use

et al. 2020

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Preclinical and clinical diagnostics increasingly rely on techniques to visualize internal organs at high resolution via endoscopes. Miniaturized endoscopic probes are necessary for imaging small luminal or delicate organs without causing trauma to tissue. However, current fabrication methods limit the imaging performance of highly miniaturized probes, restricting their widespread application. To overcome this limitation, we developed a novel ultrathin probe fabrication technique that utilizes 3D microprinting to reliably create side-facing freeform micro-optics (<130 µm diameter) on single-mode fibers. Using this technique, we built a fully functional ultrathin aberration-corrected optical coherence tomography probe. This is the smallest freeform 3D imaging probe yet reported, with a diameter of 0.457 mm, including the catheter sheath. We demonstrated image quality and mechanical flexibility by imaging atherosclerotic human and mouse arteries. The ability to provide microstructural information with the smallest optical coherence tomography catheter opens a gateway for novel minimally invasive applications in disease.

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“…Microand mesoscale structures prepared by IP-S generally possess smooth surfaces with a good shape accuracy. Recently, another newly introduced resin IP-Visio, reported to have low fluorescence and non-cytotoxicity, has also become available for life science research and is suitable for use in 3D cell scaffolds, tissue engineering and biomedical devices[90]. Moreover, some postprinting processes, such as atomic layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition or galvanization, can be used to modify 3D structures for additional functions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-photon polymerization nanolithography technology for fabrication of stimulus-responsive micro/nano-structures for biomedical applications

Huang

Tsui

Deng

et al. 2020

Nanotechnology Reviews

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Micro/nano-fabrication technology via two-photon polymerization (TPP) nanolithography is a powerful and useful manufacturing tool that is capable of generating two dimensional (2D) to three dimensional (3D) arbitrary micro/nano-structures of various materials with a high spatial resolution. This technology has received tremendous interest in cell and tissue engineering and medical microdevices because of its remarkable fabrication capability for sophisticated structures from macro- to nano-scale, which are difficult to be achieved by traditional methods with limited microarchitecture controllability. To fabricate precisely designed 3D micro/nano-structures for biomedical applications via TPP nanolithography, the use of photoinitiators (PIs) and photoresists needs to be considered comprehensively and systematically. In this review, widely used commercially available PIs are first discussed, followed by elucidating synthesis strategies of water-soluble initiators for biomedical applications. In addition to the conventional photoresists, the distinctive properties of customized stimulus-responsive photoresists are discussed. Finally, current limitations and challenges in the material and fabrication aspects and an outlook for future prospects of TPP for biomedical applications based on different biocompatible photosensitive composites are discussed comprehensively. In all, this review provides a basic understanding of TPP technology and important roles of PIs and photoresists for fabricating high-precision stimulus-responsive micro/nano-structures for a wide range of biomedical applications.

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Optical properties of photoresists for femtosecond 3D printing: refractive index, extinction, luminescence-dose dependence, aging, heat treatment and comparison between 1-photon and 2-photon exposure

Cited by 132 publications

References 22 publications

3D printed waveguides based on photonic crystal fiber designs for complex fiber-end photonic devices

3D printed waveguides based on photonic crystal fiber designs for complex fiber-end photonic devices

Ultrathin monolithic 3D printed optical coherence tomography endoscopy for preclinical and clinical use

Two-photon polymerization nanolithography technology for fabrication of stimulus-responsive micro/nano-structures for biomedical applications

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