Optical Properties of Nonaqueous Suspensions in Electric Fields

Electrorheology of suspensions of elongated goethite particles

“…These assume as a basic hypothesis that field-induced chains are columns of individual particles and no interactions occur between such columns. These assumptions arise from experimental observations performed in very dilute samples [32][33][34] and they allow simplifying calculations in the theoretical models. However, ER fluids are usually concentrated or semi-concentrated suspensions.…”

Optical properties of dilute hematite/silicone oil suspensions under low electric fields

“…The field-induced internal structure of the ER fluids causes not only changes in their rheological properties but also in their optical and electrical characteristics. These eletrooptical effects [15][16][17] provide the basis for further applications in optical devices, including photonic crystals [18], electrophoretic displays [19], or smart windows (which can adjust the transmitted sunlight intensity; see Ref. [20]), to mention just a few.…”

Electrorheological Toners for Electrophotography

“…The solidification of ER suspensions has been successfully explained by a model in which the particles all align into chains of single-particle width and equal spacing. However, from visual observations in a quiescent state, the particles form columns consisting of a collection of many chains between parallel-plate electrodes (17,18). Because of long-range lateral attractions, the polarization forces cause the chains to form columns.…”